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The book is based on the papers presented at the Mendel Friedman
Yiddish conference held at St Hilda's College, University of
Oxford, in August 2012, revisits the rich and diverse legacy of the
Yiddish writer Pinkhas Kahanovitsh, known by his penname Der
Mister.
Offers an analysis of Soviet Jewish society after the death of
Joseph Stalin At the beginning of the twentieth century, more Jews
lived in the Russian Empire than anywhere else in the world. After
the Holocaust, the USSR remained one of the world's three key
centers of Jewish population, along with the United States and
Israel. While a great deal is known about the history and
experiences of the Jewish people in the US and in Israel in the
twentieth century, much less is known about the experiences of
Soviet Jews. Understanding the history of Jewish communities under
Soviet rule is essential to comprehending the dynamics of Jewish
history in the modern world. Only a small number of scholars and
the last generation of Soviet Jews who lived during this period
hold a deep knowledge of this history. Jews in the Soviet Union, a
new multi-volume history, is an unprecedented undertaking.
Publishing over the next few years, this groundbreaking work draws
on rare access to documents from the Soviet archives, allowing for
the presentation of a sweeping history of Jewish life in the Soviet
Union from 1917 through the early 1990s. Volume 5 offers a history
of Soviet Jewry from the demise of the brutal dictator Joseph
Stalin to the military confrontation between Israel and Arab states
in 1967 known as the Six-Day War. Both historic events deeply
affected Soviet Jews, who numbered over two million in the wake of
the Holocaust and still formed at that point the second-largest
Jewish population in the world. Stalin's death led to the release
of political prisoners and the reduction of the level of fear in
society. The economy was growing and conditions of life were
improving. At the same time, the state had doubts about the loyalty
of the Jewish population and imposed limitations on their
educational and career prospects. The relatively liberal period
associated with Nikita Khrushchev's "thaw" after the Stalinist
bitter frost became a prelude to the years when contemplation
about, or practical steps toward, emigration to Israel or elsewhere
began to play an increasing role in the lives of Soviet Jews. In
this pioneering analysis of the "thaw" years in Soviet Jewish
history, Gennady Estraikh focuses both on the factors driving
emigration and dissent, and on those Jews who were able to attain a
high standard of living, and to rise to esteemed positions in
managerial, academic, bohemian, and other segments of the Soviet
elite.
Provides a comprehensive history of Soviet Jewry during World War
II At the beginning of the twentieth century, more Jews lived in
the Russian Empire than anywhere else in the world. After the
Holocaust, the USSR remained one of the world's three key centers
of Jewish population, along with the United States and Israel.
While a great deal is known about the history and experiences of
the Jewish people in the US and in Israel in the twentieth century,
much less is known about the experiences of Soviet Jews.
Understanding the history of Jewish communities under Soviet rule
is essential to comprehending the dynamics of Jewish history in the
modern world. Only a small number of scholars and the last
generation of Soviet Jews who lived during this period hold a deep
knowledge of this history. Jews in the Soviet Union, a new
multi-volume history, is an unprecedented undertaking. Publishing
over the next few years, this groundbreaking work draws on rare
access to documents from the Soviet archives, allowing for the
presentation of a sweeping history of Jewish life in the Soviet
Union from 1917 through the early 1990s. Volume 3 explores how the
Soviet Union's changing relations with Nazi Germany between the
signing of a nonaggression pact in August 1939 and the Soviet
victory over German forces in World War II affected the lives of
some five million Jews who lived under Soviet rule at the beginning
of that period. Nearly three million of those Jews perished; those
who remained constituted a drastically diminished group, which
represented a truncated but still numerically significant postwar
Soviet Jewish community. Most of the Jews who lived in the USSR in
1939 experienced the war in one or more of three different
environments: under German occupation, in the Red Army, or as
evacuees to the Soviet interior. The authors describe the evolving
conditions for Jews in each area and the ways in which they
endeavored to cope with and to make sense of their situation. They
also explore the relations between Jews and their non-Jewish
neighbors, the role of the Soviet state in shaping how Jews
understood and responded to their changing life conditions, and the
ways in which different social groups within the Soviet Jewish
population-residents of the newly-annexed territories, the urban
elite, small-town Jews, older generations with pre-Soviet memories,
and younger people brought up entirely under Soviet rule-behaved.
This book is a vital resource for understanding an oft-overlooked
history of a major Jewish community.
This volume includes contributions by an international team of
leading scholars dealing with various aspects of history, arts and
literature, which tell the dramatic story of Yiddish cultural life
in Weimar Berlin as a case study in modern European culture.
This book presents a study of Yiddish in the Cold War through the
ideological confrontations between Communist Yiddish literati in
the Soviet Union, United States, Canada, Poland, France and Israel.
It discusses the intellectual environments of the Moscow literary
journal Sovetish Heymland.
Children have occupied a prominent place in Yiddish literature
since early modern times, but children's literature as a genre has
its beginnings in the early 20th century. Its emergence reflected
the desire of Jewish intellectuals to introduce modern forms of
education, and promote ideological agendas, both in Eastern Europe
and in immigrant communities elsewhere. Before the Second World
War, a number of publishing houses and periodicals in Europe and
the Americas specialized in stories, novels and poems for various
age groups. Prominent authors such as Yankev Glatshteyn, Der
Nister, Joseph Opatoshu, Leyb Kvitko, made original contributions
to the genre, while artists, such as Marc Chagall, El Lissitzky and
Yisakhar Ber Rybak, also took an active part. In the Soviet Union,
meanwhile, children's literature provided an opportunity to escape
strong ideological pressure. Yiddish children's literature is still
being produced today, both for secular and strongly Orthodox
communities. This volume is a pioneering collective study not only
of children's literature but of the role played by children in
literature.
This book explores the rich treasury of Sholem Aleichem
translations, focusing primarily on the European context. It
suggests that the many-faceted issue of translating Sholem Aleichem
can be considered from the different perspectives of history,
politics, and art.
Children have occupied a prominent place in Yiddish literature
since early modern times, but children's literature as a genre has
its beginnings in the early 20th century. Its emergence reflected
the desire of Jewish intellectuals to introduce modern forms of
education, and promote ideological agendas, both in Eastern Europe
and in immigrant communities elsewhere. Before the Second World
War, a number of publishing houses and periodicals in Europe and
the Americas specialized in stories, novels and poems for various
age groups. Prominent authors such as Yankev Glatshteyn, Der
Nister, Joseph Opatoshu, Leyb Kvitko, made original contributions
to the genre, while artists, such as Marc Chagall, El Lissitzky and
Yisakhar Ber Rybak, also took an active part. In the Soviet Union,
meanwhile, children's literature provided an opportunity to escape
strong ideological pressure. Yiddish children's literature is still
being produced today, both for secular and strongly Orthodox
communities. This volume is a pioneering collective study not only
of children's literature but of the role played by children in
literature.
Berlin emerged from the First World War as a multicultural European
capital of immigration from the former Russian Empire, and while
Russian emigres spread westward in the 1920s, a thriving East
European Jewish community remained. Jewish intellectuals and
activists participated vigorously in German cultural and political
debate. Multilingual Jewish journalists, writers, actors and
artists, invigorated by the creative atmosphere of the city,
radically modernized Jewish culture. Even after 1933, Berlin
remained a vital presence in Jewish cultural memory, as is
testified by the works of Sholem Asch, Israel Joshua Singer, Zalman
Shneour, Moyshe Kulbak, Uri Zvi Grinberg and Meir Viner. The story
of Yiddish culture in Weimar Berlin is a case study in the
development of Europe as a multilingual and multiethnic society.
But it is a complex story, mixing integration with separateness.
This book combines contributions on history and culture by an
international team of leading scholars with representative samples
of Yiddish poetry, prose and journalism from Weimar Berlin.
For over a century Yiddish served as a major vehicle for expressing
left-wing ideas and sensitivities. A language without country, an
'ugly jargon' despised by assimilationist Jewish bourgeoisie and
nationalist Zionists alike, it was embraced as genuine folk idiom
by Jewish adherents of socialism and communism worldwide. Following
the Holocaust, Yiddish was the primary language of education,
culture and propaganda for millions of people on five continents.
The present volume examines the rich diversity of relationships
between Yiddish and the Left, from the attitude of Yiddish writers
to apartheid in South Africa to the vicissitudes of the Yiddish
communist press in the Soviet Union and the USA. (Legenda 2001)
There is no possibility of entering the world of Yiddish, its
literature and culture, without understanding what the shtetl was,
how it functioned, and what tensions charged its existence. Whether
idealized or denigrated, evaluated as the site of memory or mined
for historical data, scrutinized as a socio-economic phenomenon or
explored as the mythopoetics of a rich literature, the shtetl was
the heart of Eastern European Jewry. The papers published in this
volume - most of them presented at the second Mendel Friedman
International Conference on Yiddish organized by the Oxford
European Humanities Research Centre and the Oxford Institute for
Yiddish Studies (July 1999) - re-examines the structure,
organization and function of numerous small market towns that
shaped the world of Yiddish. The different perspectives from which
these studies view the shtetl trenchently re-evaluate common
preconceptions, misconceptions and assumptions, and offer new
insights that are challenging as they are informative.
Winner of the 2013 National Jewish Book Award, Anthologies and
Collections The year 1929 represents a major turning point in
interwar Jewish society, proving to be a year when Jews, regardless
of where they lived, saw themselves affected by developments that
took place around the world, as the crises endured by other Jews
became part of the transnational Jewish consciousness. In the
United States, the stock market crash brought lasting economic,
social, and ideological changes to the Jewish community and limited
its ability to support humanitarian and nationalist projects in
other countries. In Palestine, the anti-Jewish riots in Hebron and
other towns underscored the vulnerability of the Zionist enterprise
and ignited heated discussions among various Jewish political
groups about the wisdom of establishing a Jewish state on its
historical site. At the same time, in the Soviet Union, the
consolidation of power in the hands of Stalin created a much more
dogmatic climate in the international Communist movement, including
its Jewish branches. Featuring a sparkling array of scholars of
Jewish history, 1929 surveys the Jewish world in one year offering
clear examples of the transnational connections which linked Jews
to each other-from politics, diplomacy, and philanthropy to
literature, culture, and the fate of Yiddish-regardless of where
they lived. Taken together, the essays in 1929 argue that, whether
American, Soviet, German, Polish, or Palestinian, Jews throughout
the world lived in a global context.
Gennady Estraikh's book explores the birth, growth, demise and
afterlife of the Birobidzhan Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR). The
History of Birobidzhan looks at how the shtetl was widely used in
Soviet propaganda as a perfect solution to the 'Jewish question',
arguing that in reality, while being demographically and culturally
insignificant, the JAR played a key, and essentially detrimental,
role in determining Jewish rights and entitlements in the Soviet
world. Estraikh brings together a broad range of Russian and
Yiddish sources, including archival materials, newspaper articles,
travelogues, memoirs, belles-letters, and scholarly publications,
as he describes and analyses the project and its realization not in
isolation, but rather in the context of developments in both
domestic and international life. As well as offering an assessment
of the Birobidzhan project in the contexts of Soviet and Jewish
history, the book also focuses on the contemporary 'Jewish' role of
the region which now has only a few thousand Jewish occupants
amongst its residents.
This volume discusses the participation of Jews as soldiers,
journalists, and propagandists in combating the Nazis during the
Great Patriotic War, as the period between June 22, 1941, and May
9, 1945 was known in the Soviet Union. The essays included here
examine both newly-discovered and previously-neglected oral
testimony, poetry, cinema, diaries, memoirs, newspapers, and
archives. This is one of the first books to combine the study of
Russian and Yiddish materials, reflecting the nature of the Jewish
Anti-Fascist Committee, which, for the first time during the Soviet
period, included both Yiddish-language and Russian-language
writers. This volume will be of use to scholars, teachers,
students, and researchers working in Russian and Jewish history.
This volume discusses the participation of Jews as soldiers,
journalists, and propagandists in combating the Nazis during the
Great Patriotic War-as the period between June 22, 1941, and May 9,
1945, was known in the Soviet Union. The essays included here
examine both newly discovered and previously-neglected oral
testimony, poetry, cinema, diaries, memoirs, newspapers, and
archives. This is among the first books to combine the study of
Russian and Yiddish materials, reflecting the nature of the Jewish
Anti-Fascist Committee, which for the first time during the Soviet
period included under the same institutional umbrella both
Yiddish-language and Russian-language writers. This volume will be
of use to scholars, teachers, students, and researchers working in
Russian and Jewish history.
Here is a detailed glimpse into the lives and times of Yiddish
writers enthralled with Communism at the turn of the century
through the mid-1930s. Centering mainly on the Soviet Jewish
literati but with an eye to their American counterparts, the book
follows their paths from avant-garde beginnings in Kiev after the
1905 revolution to their peak in the mid-1930s. Notables such as
David Bergelson - who helmed the short-lived Yiddish periodical
called In Harness - and Der Nister and David Hodshtein come to life
as do Leyb Kvitko, Peretz Markish, Itsik Fefer, Moshe Litvakov,
Yekhezkel Dobrushin, and Nokhum Oislender. Gennady J. Estraikh
charts the course of their artistic and political flowering and
decline and considers the effects of geography - provincial vs.
urban - and party politics upon literary development and
aesthetics. No other book concentrates on this aspect of the Jewish
intellectual scene nor has any book unveiled the scale and
intensity of Yiddish Communist literary life in the 1920s and 1930s
or the contributions its writers made to Jewish culture.
In the early decades of the twentieth century, tens of thousands of
Yiddish speaking immigrants actively participated in the American
Socialist and labor movement. They formed the milieu of the hugely
successful daily Forverts (Forward), established in New York in
April 1897. Its editorial columns and bylined articles-many of
whose authors, such as Abraham Cahan and Sholem Asch, were
household names at the time-both reflected and shaped the attitudes
and values of the readership. Most pages of this book are focused
on the newspaper's reaction to the political developments in the
home country. Profound admiration of Russian literature and culture
did not mitigate the writers' criticism of the czarist and Soviet
regimes.
Gennady Estraikh's book explores the birth, growth, demise and
afterlife of the Birobidzhan Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR). The
History of Birobidzhan looks at how the shtetl was widely used in
Soviet propaganda as a perfect solution to the 'Jewish question',
arguing that in reality, while being demographically and culturally
insignificant, the JAR played a key, and essentially detrimental,
role in determining Jewish rights and entitlements in the Soviet
world. Estraikh brings together a broad range of Russian and
Yiddish sources, including archival materials, newspaper articles,
travelogues, memoirs, belles-letters, and scholarly publications,
as he describes and analyses the project and its realization not in
isolation, but rather in the context of developments in both
domestic and international life. As well as offering an assessment
of the Birobidzhan project in the contexts of Soviet and Jewish
history, the book also focuses on the contemporary 'Jewish' role of
the region which now has only a few thousand Jewish occupants
amongst its residents.
Winner of the 2013 National Jewish Book Award, Anthologies and
Collections The year 1929 represents a major turning point in
interwar Jewish society, proving to be a year when Jews, regardless
of where they lived, saw themselves affected by developments that
took place around the world, as the crises endured by other Jews
became part of the transnational Jewish consciousness. In the
United States, the stock market crash brought lasting economic,
social, and ideological changes to the Jewish community and limited
its ability to support humanitarian and nationalist projects in
other countries. In Palestine, the anti-Jewish riots in Hebron and
other towns underscored the vulnerability of the Zionist enterprise
and ignited heated discussions among various Jewish political
groups about the wisdom of establishing a Jewish state on its
historical site. At the same time, in the Soviet Union, the
consolidation of power in the hands of Stalin created a much more
dogmatic climate in the international Communist movement, including
its Jewish branches. Featuring a sparkling array of scholars of
Jewish history, 1929 surveys the Jewish world in one year offering
clear examples of the transnational connections which linked Jews
to each other-from politics, diplomacy, and philanthropy to
literature, culture, and the fate of Yiddish-regardless of where
they lived. Taken together, the essays in 1929 argue that, whether
American, Soviet, German, Polish, or Palestinian, Jews throughout
the world lived in a global context.
This volume borrows its title from the first international Yiddish
bestseller, Sholem Asch's epic trilogy Three Cities. Whereas Asch
portrayed Jewish life in St Petersburg, Warsaw and Moscow at the
crucial historical moment of the collapse of the Russian Empire,
this volume examines the variety of Yiddish publishing,
educational, literary, academic, and theatrical activities in the
former imperial metropolises from the late nineteenth through to
the late twentieth century, and explores the representations of
those cities in Yiddish literature.
Der Nister (Pinkhes Kahanovitsh, 1884-1950) is widely regarded as
the most enigmatic author in modern Yiddish literature. His
pseudonym, which translates as 'The Hidden One', is as puzzling as
his diverse body of works, which range from mystical symbolist
poetry and dark expressionist tales to realist historical epic.
Sholem Aleichem, whose 150th anniversary was commemorated in March
2009, remains one of the most popular Yiddish authors. But few
people today are able to read him in the original. Since the 1920s,
however, Aleichem's works have been known to a wider international
audience through numerous translations, and through film and
theatre adaptations, most famously Fiddler on the Roof. This volume
examines those translations published in Europe, with the aim of
investigating how the specific European contexts might have shaped
translations of Yiddish literature.
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