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Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English is a landmark volume
in the development of vocabulary frequency studies. Whereas
previous books have in general given frequency information about
the written language only, this book provides information on both
speech and writing. It not only gives information about the
language as a whole, but also about the differences between spoken
and written English, and between different spoken and written
varieties of the language. The frequencies are derived from a wide
ranging and up-to-date corpus of English: the British National
Corpus, which was compiled from over 4,000 written texts and spoken
transcriptions representing the present day language in the UK. The
book is based on a new version of the corpus (available from 2001)
providing more accurate grammatical information, which is essential
(for example) for distinguishing words like leaves (noun) and
leaves (verb) with different meanings. The book begins with a
general introduction, explaining why such information is important
and highlighting interesting linguistic findings that emerge from
the statistical analysis of the British National Corpus vocabulary.
It also contains twenty four 'interest boxes' which highlight and
comment on different aspects of frequency - for example, the most
common colour words in English in order of frequency, and a
comparison of male words (e.g. man) and female words (e.g. woman)
in terms of their frequency.
A Communicative Grammar of English has long been established as a
grammar innovative in approach, reliable in coverage, and clear in
its explanations. This fully revised and redesigned third edition
provides up-to-date and accessible help to teachers, advanced
learners and undergraduate students of English. Part One looks at
the way English grammar varies in different types of English, such
as 'formal' and 'informal', 'spoken' and 'written'; Part Two
focuses on the uses of grammar rather than on grammatical structure
and Part Three provides a handy alphabetically arranged guide to
English grammar. A new workbook, The Communicative Grammar of
English Workbook also accompanies this edition.
Word Frequencies in Written and Spoken English is a landmark volume
in the development of vocabulary frequency studies. Whereas
previous books have in general given frequency information about
the written language only, this book provides information on both
speech and writing. It not only gives information about the
language as a whole, but also about the differences between spoken
and written English, and between different spoken and written
varieties of the language. The frequencies are derived from a wide
ranging and up-to-date corpus of English: the British National
Corpus, which was compiled from over 4,000 written texts and spoken
transcriptions representing the present day language in the UK. The
book is based on a new version of the corpus (available from 2001)
providing more accurate grammatical information, which is essential
(for example) for distinguishing words like leaves (noun) and
leaves (verb) with different meanings. The book begins with a
general introduction, explaining why such information is important
and highlighting interesting linguistic findings that emerge from
the statistical analysis of the British National Corpus vocabulary.
It also contains twenty four 'interest boxes' which highlight and
comment on different aspects of frequency - for example, the most
common colour words in English in order of frequency, and a
comparison of male words (e.g. man) and female words (e.g. woman)
in terms of their frequency.
Geoffrey Leech is Research Professor in English Linguistics at
Lancaster University. He is the author, co-author or co-editor of
more than 20 books (most of them published by Longman) on
Linguistics and the English Language.
Paul Rayson is aResearch Fellow in the Department of Computing,
Lancaster University and has extensive experience of statistical
corpus analysis and corpus annotation. Andrew Wilson is a Lecturer
in Computer Corpus Linguistics at Lancaster University. He has been
involved in corpus research since 1990 and has written several
books, including Corpus Linguistics (1996, co-authored with Tony
McEnery).
Corpus Annotation gives an up-to-date picture of this fascinating
new area of research, and will provide essential reading for
newcomers to the field as well as those already involved in corpus
annotation. Early chapters introduce the different levels and
techniques of corpus annotation. Later chapters deal with software
developments, applications, and the development of standards for
the evaluation of corpus annotation. While the book takes detailed
account of research world-wide, its focus is particularly on the
work of the UCREL (University Centre for Computer Corpus Research
on Language) team at Lancaster University, which has been at the
forefront of developments in the field of corpus annotation since
its beginnings in the 1970s.
This book has evolved from a Workshop on Computerized Speech
Corpora, held at Lancaster University in 1993. It brings together
the findings presented in a clear and coherent manner, focussing on
the advantages and disadvantages of particular transcription or
mark-up practice.
This book has evolved from a Workshop on Computerized Speech
Corpora, held at Lancaster University in 1993. It brings together
the findings presented in a clear and coherent manner, focussing on
the advantages and disadvantages of particular transcription or
mark-up practice.
Corpus Annotation gives an up-to-date picture of this fascinating
new area of research, and will provide essential reading for
newcomers to the field as well as those already involved in corpus
annotation. Early chapters introduce the different levels and
techniques of corpus annotation. Later chapters deal with software
developments, applications, and the development of standards for
the evaluation of corpus annotation. While the book takes detailed
account of research world-wide, its focus is particularly on the
work of the UCREL (University Centre for Computer Corpus Research
on Language) team at Lancaster University, which has been at the
forefront of developments in the field of corpus annotation since
its beginnings in the 1970s.
Over a period of over forty years, Geoffrey Leech has made notable
contributions to the field of literary stylistics, using the
interplay between linguistic form and literary function as a key to
the mystery of how a text comes to be invested with artistic
potential. In this book, seven earlier papers and articles, read
previously only by a restricted audience, have been brought
together with four new chapters, the whole volume showing a
continuity of approach across a period when all too often literary
and linguistic studies have appeared to drift further apart. Leech
sets the concept of foregrounding (also known as defamiliarization)
at the heart of the interplay between form and interpretation.
Through practical and insightful examination of how poems, plays
and prose works produce special meaning, he counteracts the flight
from the text that has characterized thinking about language and
literature in the last thirty years, when the response of the
reader, rather than the characteristics and meaning potential of
the text itself, have been given undue prominence. The book
provides an enlightening analysis of well-known (as well as less
well-known) texts of great writers of the past, including Keats,
Shelley, Samuel Johnson, Shaw, Dylan Thomas, and Virginia Woolf.
A Communicative Grammar of English by Geoffrey Leech and Jan
Svartvik, first published in 1975, has established itself as a
grammar innovative in approach, reliable in coverage, and clear in
its explanations. Now this fully revised and redesigned third
edition provides an up-to-date and accessible resource for
teachers, advanced learners and undergraduate students of English.
Accompanying this third edition, there is a completely new Workbook
co-authored by ELT specialists Edward Woods and Rudy Coppieters,
which will help students to 'internalise' the contents of the
grammar. A Communicative Grammar of English employs a communicative
rather than a structural approach to the learning of English
grammar. This edition is divided into three parts. Part One: A
guide to the use of this book - looks at the way English grammar
varies in different types of English, for example 'formal' and
'informal', 'spoken' and 'written'. Part Two: Grammar in use - the
central and largest part of the book, presents grammar through the
eyes of the communicator and focuses on the uses of grammar rather
than on grammatical structure. Part Three: A-Z in English grammar -
provides a useful and alphabetically arranged guide to English
grammar. This new edition includes more real examples taken from
corpus data. Increased emphasis is given to grammar in spoken
language, providing a better balance between written and spoken
English. Explanations and examples have been made simpler in order
to make the grammar more accessible to students. GEOFFREY LEECH is
Emeritus Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Modern
English Language at Lancaster University, UK, and JAN SVARTVIK is
Emeritus Professor of English atLund University, Sweden.
Over a period of over forty years, Geoffrey Leech has made notable
contributions to the field of literary stylistics, using the
interplay between linguistic form and literary function as a key to
the 'mystery' of how a text comes to be invested with artistic
potential. In this book, seven earlier papers and articles, read
previously only by a restricted audience, have been brought
together with four new chapters, the whole volume showing a
continuity of approach across a period when all too often literary
and linguistic studies have appeared to drift further apart. Leech
sets the concept of 'foregrounding' (also known as
defamiliarization) at the heart of the interplay between form and
interpretation. Through practical and insightful examination of how
poems, plays and prose works produce special meaning, he
counteracts the 'flight from the text' that has characterized
thinking about language and literature in the last thirty years,
when the response of the reader, rather than the characteristics
and meaning potential of the text itself, have been given undue
prominence. The book provides an enlightening analysis of
well-known (as well as less well-known) texts of great writers of
the past, including Keats, Shelley, Samuel Johnson, Shaw, Dylan
Thomas, and Virginia Woolf.
This is the fully revised and expanded second edition of English -
One Tongue, Many Voices, a book by three internationally
distinguished English language scholars who tell the fascinating,
improbable saga of English in time and space. Chapters trace the
history of the language from its obscure beginnings over 1500 years
ago as a collection of dialects spoken by marauding, illiterate
tribes. They show how the geographical spread of the language in
its increasing diversity has made English into an international
language of unprecedented range and variety. The authors examine
the present state of English as a global language and the problems,
pressures and uncertainties of its future, online and offline. They
argue that, in spite of the amazing variety and plurality of
English, it remains a single language.
This is the fully revised and expanded second edition of English -
One Tongue, Many Voices, a book by three internationally
distinguished English language scholars who tell the fascinating,
improbable saga of English in time and space. Chapters trace the
history of the language from its obscure beginnings over 1500 years
ago as a collection of dialects spoken by marauding, illiterate
tribes. They show how the geographical spread of the language in
its increasing diversity has made English into an international
language of unprecedented range and variety. The authors examine
the present state of English as a global language and the problems,
pressures and uncertainties of its future, online and offline. They
argue that, in spite of the amazing variety and plurality of
English, it remains a single language.
This is the fully revised and expanded second edition of English -
One Tongue, Many Voices, a book by three internationally
distinguished English language scholars who tell the fascinating,
improbable saga of English in time and space. Chapters trace the
history of the language from its obscure beginnings over 1500 years
ago as a collection of dialects spoken by marauding, illiterate
tribes. They show how the geographical spread of the language in
its increasing diversity has made English into an international
language of unprecedented range and variety. The authors examine
the present state of English as a global language and the problems,
pressures and uncertainties of its future, online and offline. They
argue that, in spite of the amazing variety and plurality of
English, it remains a single language.
This is the fully revised and expanded second edition of English -
One Tongue, Many Voices, a book by three internationally
distinguished English language scholars who tell the fascinating,
improbable saga of English in time and space. Chapters trace the
history of the language from its obscure beginnings over 1500 years
ago as a collection of dialects spoken by marauding, illiterate
tribes. They show how the geographical spread of the language in
its increasing diversity has made English into an international
language of unprecedented range and variety. The authors examine
the present state of English as a global language and the problems,
pressures and uncertainties of its future, online and offline. They
argue that, in spite of the amazing variety and plurality of
English, it remains a single language.
A Glossary of English Grammar presents a wide range of terms used
to describe the way the English language is structured. Grammatical
terms can be a problem for students, especially when there are
alternative names for the same thing (for example, 'past tense' and
'preterite'). This book therefore provides a basic and accessible
guide, focusing on the English language. Definitions of grammatical
terms are given in simple language, with clear examples, many from
authentic texts and spoken sources, showing how they are used. The
terms used in the Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language are
widely seen as standard, and form the basis of grammatical
terminology in this book. At the same time, this glossary does not
neglect other variants of English grammar, such as that of
Huddleston and Pullum's influential Cambridge Grammar of the
English Language, whose most important terms are also covered here.
This book is indispensable for anyone wishing to understand
present-day terminology of English grammar more fully. Key features
* A handy and easily understandable pocket guide for anyone
studying the structure of the English language * Supplies numerous
cross-references to related terms * Includes an annotated
bibliography with suggestions for further reading.
invaluable for students on university and teacher-training courses
checks your knowledge of how English is actually used in speech and
writing shows how grammar differs in different contexts of
registers provides practice with relationships between grammar and
vocabulary all examples taken from naturally occurring English
texts and conversations comparisons between British English and
American English spoken and written extracts throughout full answer
key
Examines patterns of use in the news, fiction and academic English
Takes grammar and vocabulary together and looks at how they
interact Is based on the analysis of 40-million words of British
and American, written and spoken corpus text Uses over 3000
examples of real, corpus English to illustrate the points Uses
frequency tables and graphs to make the new findings of this
grammar clear
The chapters in this volume feature new and groundbreaking research
carried out by leading scholars and promising young researchers
from around the world on recent changes in the English verb phrase.
Drawing on authentic corpus data, the papers consider both spoken
and written English in several genres. Each contribution pays
particular attention to the methodologies used for investigating
short-term patterns of change in English, with detailed discussions
of controversies in this area. This cutting-edge collection is
essential reading for historians of the English language,
syntacticians and corpus linguists.
Based on the systematic analysis of large amounts of
computer-readable text, this book shows how the English language
has been changing in the recent past, often in unexpected and
previously undocumented ways. The study is based on a group of
matching corpora, known as the 'Brown family' of corpora,
supplemented by a range of other corpus materials, both written and
spoken, drawn mainly from the later twentieth century. Among the
matters receiving particular attention are the influence of
American English on British English, the role of the press, the
'colloquialization' of written English, and a wide range of
grammatical topics, including the modal auxiliaries, progressive,
subjunctive, passive, genitive and relative clauses. These subjects
build an overall picture of how English grammar is changing, and
the linguistic and social factors that are contributing to this
process.
Based on the systematic analysis of large amounts of
computer-readable text, this 2009 book shows how the English
language has been changing in the recent past, often in unexpected
and previously undocumented ways. The study is based on a group of
matching corpora, known as the 'Brown family' of corpora,
supplemented by a range of other corpus materials, both written and
spoken, drawn mainly from the later twentieth century. Among the
matters receiving particular attention are the influence of
American English on British English, the role of the press, the
'colloquialization' of written English, and a wide range of
grammatical topics, including the modal auxiliaries, progressive,
subjunctive, passive, genitive and relative clauses. These subjects
build an overall picture of how English grammar is changing, and
the linguistic and social factors that are contributing to this
process.
This readable book presents a new general theoretical understanding
of politeness. It offers an account of a wide range of politeness
phenomena in English, illustrated by hundreds of examples of actual
language use taken largely from authentic British and American
sources. Building on his earlier pioneering work on politeness,
Geoffrey Leech takes a pragmatic approach that is based on the
controversial notion that politeness is communicative altruism.
Leech's 1983 book, Principles of Pragmatics, introduced the now
widely-accepted distinction between pragmalinguistic and
sociopragmatic aspects of politeness; this book returns to the
pragmalinguistic side, somewhat neglected in recent work. Drawing
on neo-Gricean thinking, Leech rejects the prevalent view that it
is impossible to apply the terms 'polite' or 'impolite' to
linguistic phenomena. Leech covers all major speech acts that are
either positively or negatively associated with politeness, such as
requests, apologies, compliments, offers, criticisms, good wishes,
condolences, congratulations, agreement, and disagreement.
Additional chapters deal with impoliteness and the related
phenomena of irony ("mock politeness") and banter ("mock
impoliteness"), and with the role of politeness in the learning of
English as a second language. A final chapter takes a fascinating
look at more than a thousand years of history of politeness in the
English language.
The chapters in this volume feature new and groundbreaking research
carried out by leading scholars and promising young researchers
from around the world on recent changes in the English verb phrase.
Drawing on authentic corpus data, the papers consider both spoken
and written English in several genres. Each contribution pays
particular attention to the methodologies used for investigating
short-term patterns of change in English, with detailed discussions
of controversies in this area. This cutting-edge collection is
essential reading for historians of the English language,
syntacticians and corpus linguists.
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