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Through an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted manifestations of
gender and conflict, this book shows how cognition and behaviour,
agency and victimization, are gendered beyond the popular
stereotypes. Conflict not only reconfirms social hierarchies and
power relations, but also motivates people to transgress cultural
boundaries and redefine their self-images and identities. The
contributions are a mix of classical ethnography, performance
studies and embodiment studies, showing 'emotions and feelings'
often denied in scientific social research. Strong in their
constructivist approach and unorthodox in theory, the articles
touch upon the dynamic relation between the discourses, embodiments
and symbolic practices that constitute the gendered world of
conflict. The localities and research sites vary from institutional
settings such as a school, rebel movements, public toilets and the
military to more artistic domains of gendered conflicts such as
prison theatre classes and the capoeira ring. At the same time,
these conflicts and domains appropriate wider discourses and
practices of a global nature, demonstrating the globalised and
institutionalised nature of the nexus gender-conflict. A first set
of chapters deals with 'breaking the gender taboos' and
renegotiating the stereotypical gender roles - masculinities or
femininities - during conflict. A second set of chapters focuses
more explicitly on the bodily experience of conflict either
physically of symbolically, while the last set straddle body and
narrative. The inductive quality of the work leads to unexpected
insights and does give access to worlds that are new, and often
surprising and unconventional.
Through an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted manifestations of
gender and conflict, this book shows how cognition and behaviour,
agency and victimization, are gendered beyond the popular
stereotypes. Conflict not only reconfirms social hierarchies and
power relations, but also motivates people to transgress cultural
boundaries and redefine their self-images and identities. The
contributions are a mix of classical ethnography, performance
studies and embodiment studies, showing 'emotions and feelings'
often denied in scientific social research. Strong in their
constructivist approach and unorthodox in theory, the articles
touch upon the dynamic relation between the discourses, embodiments
and symbolic practices that constitute the gendered world of
conflict. The localities and research sites vary from institutional
settings such as a school, rebel movements, public toilets and the
military to more artistic domains of gendered conflicts such as
prison theatre classes and the capoeira ring. At the same time,
these conflicts and domains appropriate wider discourses and
practices of a global nature, demonstrating the globalised and
institutionalised nature of the nexus gender-conflict. A first set
of chapters deals with 'breaking the gender taboos' and
renegotiating the stereotypical gender roles - masculinities or
femininities - during conflict. A second set of chapters focuses
more explicitly on the bodily experience of conflict either
physically of symbolically, while the last set straddle body and
narrative. The inductive quality of the work leads to unexpected
insights and does give access to worlds that are new, and often
surprising and unconventional.
This book seeks to bridge the gap between academic, political and
military thinking concerning the success and failure of
peacekeeping operations and their termination. Exit strategies have
recently gained attention in political, military, academic and
public debates, due to the Western engagement in international and
intrastate conflicts since the end of the Cold War. Yet, many of
those debates took place separately. This volume, which is
predominantly a joint product of academics and the military of the
Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy,
shows new venues by bridging the putative political-military
divide. Drawing on theory, empirics, and personal experiences the
authors address exits at political, strategic, operational and
tactical levels of current and past military missions and
interventions, ranging from decolonisation wars to Afghanistan and
Iraq. Although some of those conflicts are still ongoing, valid
inferences can be drawn. An important one is that exit forms a
problem for those who leave and for those who stay. While political
and military objectives might not have been reached and many of
those involved have the feeling that the job is still not yet done,
the termination of the entire mission or transitions at operational
level necessitate both departures and handovers-takeovers and are
thereby characterised by discontinuities and continuities at the
same time. It is these dynamics between unfulfilled end states and
end dates that, in the end, lead to the dilemma of leaving. All the
editors, except van den Wollenberg, are affiliated with the Faculty
of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda,
the Netherlands. Joerg Noll is Associate Professor of International
Conflict Studies. First Lieutenant Air-Commodore Frans Osinga is
Professor of Military Operational Art and Sciences. Georg Frerks is
Professor International Security Studies and Irene van Kemenade
runs the Research Office of the Faculty. Daan van den Wollenberg is
Commander of a mechanized artillery platoon of the Netherlands
armed forces.
The refusal or reception of refugees has had serious implications
for the social policies and social realities of numerous countries
in east and west. Exploring experiences, interpretations and
practices of 'refugees, ' 'the internally displaced' and
'returnees' in or emerging from societies in violent conflict, this
volume challenges prevailing orthodoxies and encourages new
developments in refugee studies. It also addresses the ethics and
politics of interventions by professionals and policy makers, using
case studies of refugees from or in South Asia, the Middle East,
North Africa, Europe and the Americas. These illustrate the dynamic
nature of situations where refugees, policy- makers and
practitioners interact in trying to construct new livelihoods in
transforming societies. Without a proper understanding of this
dynamic nature, so the volume argues overall, it is not possible to
develop successful strategies for the accommodation and integration
of refugees. Philomena Essed is Senior Researcher, University of
Amsterdam and Visiting Professor of Women's Studies, University of
California, Irvine.Georg Frerks is Professor of Disaster Studies,
Rural Development Sociology Group, Wageningen University. Joke
Schrijvers is a Social Anthropologist, Emeritus Professor of
Development Studies, University of Amsterdam
The refusal or reception of refugees has had serious implications
for the social policies and social realities of numerous countries
in east and west. Exploring experiences, interpretations and
practices of 'refugees,' 'the internally displaced' and 'returnees'
in or emerging from societies in violent conflict, this volume
challenges prevailing orthodoxies and encourages new developments
in refugee studies. It also addresses the ethics and politics of
interventions by professionals and policy makers, using case
studies of refugees from or in South Asia, the Middle East, North
Africa, Europe and the Americas. These illustrate the dynamic
nature of situations where refugees, policy- makers and
practitioners interact in trying to construct new livelihoods in
transforming societies. Without a proper understanding of this
dynamic nature, so the volume argues overall, it is not possible to
develop successful strategies for the accommodation and integration
of refugees.
* Major disasters increased over 93 per cent during the 1990s,
reaching 712 in 2001 * Up to 340 million people are affected by
disasters every year* 'Vulnerability' is the key to understanding
the causes, impacts and ways to mitigate disasters In this
penetrating analysis, the authors critically examine
"vulnerability" as a concept that is vital to the way we understand
the impact and magnitude of disasters. This book is a
counterbalance to technocratic approaches that limit themselves to
simply looking at natural phenomena. Through the notion of
vulnerability, the authors stress the importance of social
processes and human-environmental interactions as causal agents in
the making of disasters. They critically examine what renders
communities unsafe, a condition they argue that depends primarily
on the relative position of advantage or disadvantage that a
particular group occupies within a society's social order.
Bolstering their theoretical analysis with case studies drawn from
Asia, Africa and Latin America, the authors also look at
vulnerability in terms of its relationship to development and
through its impact on policy and peoples' lives.
'Gender, Conflict, and Development' was written as an effort to
fill a gap between the Bank's work on gender mainstreaming and its
agenda in conflict and development. The authors identify a link
between gender and conflict issues and provide the most
comprehensive review of external and internal sources on gender and
conflict, with a particular focus on policy relevance for an
institution such as the Bank. The book highlights the gender
dimensions of conflict, organized around major relevant themes such
as female combatants, sexual violence, formal and informal peace
processes, the legal framework, work, the rehabilitation of social
services and community-driven development. And for each theme it
analyzes how conflict changes gender roles and the policy options
that might be considered to build on positive aspects while
minimizing adverse changes. The suggested policy options and
approaches aim to take advantage of the opportunity afforded by
violent conflict to encourage change and build more inclusive and
gender balanced social, economic and political relations in
post-conflict societies. The book concludes by identifying some of
the remaining challenges and themes that require additional
analysis and research. The book will be of interest to
policymakers, scholars, researchers, graduate and upper-level
undergraduate students of conflict studies/regional studies/gender
studies.
Raging floods, massive storms and cataclysmic earthquakes: every
year up to 340 million people are affected by these and other
disasters, which cause loss of life and damage to personal
property, agriculture, and infrastructure. So what can be done? The
key to understanding the causes of disasters and mitigating their
impacts is the concept of 'vulnerability'. Mapping Vulnerability
analyses 'vulnerability' as a concept central to the way we
understand disasters and their magnitude and impact. Written and
edited by a distinguished group of disaster scholars and
practitioners, this book is a counterbalance to those technocratic
approaches that limit themselves to simply looking at disasters as
natural phenomena. Through the notion of vulnerability, the authors
stress the importance of social processes and human-environmental
interactions as causal agents in the making of disasters. They
critically examine what renders communities unsafe - a condition,
they argue, that depends primarily on the relative position of
advantage or disadvantage that a particular group occupies within a
society's social order. The book also looks at vulnerability in
terms of its relationship to development and its impact on policy
and people's lives, through consideration of selected case studies
drawn from Africa, Asia and Latin America. Mapping Vulnerability is
essential reading for academics, students, policymakers and
practitioners in disaster studies, geography, development studies,
economics, environmental studies and sociology.
"All that we're wrecking is stones" was Taliban leader Mullah
Mohammed Omar's dismissal of the Taliban's destruction of the
Buddhas of Bamyan, the largest standing statues of Buddha in the
world. The intention of the fighters was not only the destruction
of foreign idols, but breaking the soul of a culture. "Cultural
Emergency in Conflict and Disaster" insists that culture is a
necessity for national self-respect. International heritage
specialists, relief workers and politicians discuss the importance
of protecting cultural heritage that is threatened by war and
calamity; and reports on projects in conflict zones are augmented
by contributions on international administrative and legal aspects,
as well as political and socio-cultural perspectives. The result is
both an indictment of the senseless destruction of cultural
heritage and an argument for culture as a priority in processes of
restoration and reconstruction.
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