2013 Reprint of 1960 Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. By 1960, psychology had come to be dominated by behaviorism and learning theory, which emphasized the observable stimulus and response components of human and animal behavior while ignoring the cognitive processes that mediate the relationship between the stimulus and response. The cognitive phenomena occurring within the "black box" between stimulus and response were of little interest to behaviorists, as their mathematical models worked without them. In 1960, the book "Plans and the Structure of Behavior," authored by George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram, was published. In this volume, Miller and his colleagues sought to unify the behaviorists' learning theory with a cognitive model of learned behavior. Whereas the behaviorists suggested that a simple reflex arc underlies the acquisition of the stimulus-response relationship, Miller and his colleagues proposed that "some mediating organization of experience is necessary" somewhere between the stimulus and response, in effect a cognitive process which must include monitoring devices that control the acquisition of the stimulus-response relationship. They named this fundamental unit of behavior the T.O.T.E. for "Test - Operate - Test - Exit."

In this newly revised edition of a benchmark reference, twenty-five articles explore a variety of classical and current perspectives on the sociology of organizations. Individual entries cover the individual in the organization, organization structure, organizations and their environments, public institutions, private industry, women in organizations, centralization versus decentralization, bureaucracy, human service organizations, factories, education organizations, and labor unions. Sociology of Organizations includes noteworthy writing from significant theorists ranging from Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Michels to Peter Blau, Karl Weick, and Rosabeth Kanter. The innovative perspectives included within this book capture the lively state of a field in which no single theory or paradigm dominates.

An investigation of speech as a form of behavior, examined in the manner of the exact sciences by the direct application of statistical principles to the objective speech-phenomena. The findings of an extensive investigation of the stream of speech which is viewed as but a series of communicative gestures, presented in such a manner that they will be readily available not only to the professional linguist, but to any serious reader interested in linguistic phenomena. The author provides evidence for example, that the length of a word, far from being a random matter, is closely related to the frequency of its usage-the greater the frequency, the shorter the word. It can furthermore be shown that either from speech-sounds, or from roots and affixes, or from words or phrases, that the more complex any speech-element is phonetically, the less frequently it occurs.All the author's evidence points quite conclusively to the existence of a fundamental condition of equilibrium between the form and function of speech-habits, or speech-patterns in any language.