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2013 Reprint of 1960 Edition. Full facsimile of the original
edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. By 1960,
psychology had come to be dominated by behaviorism and learning
theory, which emphasized the observable stimulus and response
components of human and animal behavior while ignoring the
cognitive processes that mediate the relationship between the
stimulus and response. The cognitive phenomena occurring within the
"black box" between stimulus and response were of little interest
to behaviorists, as their mathematical models worked without them.
In 1960, the book "Plans and the Structure of Behavior," authored
by George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram, was
published. In this volume, Miller and his colleagues sought to
unify the behaviorists' learning theory with a cognitive model of
learned behavior. Whereas the behaviorists suggested that a simple
reflex arc underlies the acquisition of the stimulus-response
relationship, Miller and his colleagues proposed that "some
mediating organization of experience is necessary" somewhere
between the stimulus and response, in effect a cognitive process
which must include monitoring devices that control the acquisition
of the stimulus-response relationship. They named this fundamental
unit of behavior the T.O.T.E. for "Test - Operate - Test - Exit."
In this newly revised edition of a benchmark reference, twenty-five
articles explore a variety of classical and current perspectives on
the sociology of organizations. Individual entries cover the
individual in the organization, organization structure,
organizations and their environments, public institutions, private
industry, women in organizations, centralization versus
decentralization, bureaucracy, human service organizations,
factories, education organizations, and labor unions. Sociology of
Organizations includes noteworthy writing from significant
theorists ranging from Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, and Robert
Michels to Peter Blau, Karl Weick, and Rosabeth Kanter. The
innovative perspectives included within this book capture the
lively state of a field in which no single theory or paradigm
dominates.
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