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The chapters in this new volume describe original research
concerned with both theory and practice in measurement. The
material originated in presentations made at a conference that
brings together practicing professionals and theoreticians in
diverse areas of measurement and related fields. The first group of
papers embody the most important aspect of objective measurement -
its application to diverse contexts and purposes. The examples
included concentrate on two types of situations: performance
assessment and criterion-referenced testing. The specific contexts
range from writing assessment, to assessment of the professional
development of teachers, to high school physics. The second group
of papers are focused on an area of great importance in assessment
today: the modeling of raters and judges in an assessment context.
The volume concludes with papers that explore the domain of theory
in measurement, characterized by an innovative approach to
model-building. Even though they are categorized as theory papers,
most are based on the complicated and interesting problems that
arise in quite specific contexts. As such, they represent some of
the most original and exciting developments in the field of
measurement today ranging from multidimensional measurement to
graph theory and clustering techniques. This volume presents
original research concerned with the practice of measurement, and
the theory of measurement. The words in the title, objective
measurement indicate that the chapters are all related to a
particular approach to the philosophy and practice of measurement.
By objective measurement, we mean that, in a situation where a
certain class of stimuli (for example, items) are used to measure
certain individuals. The chapters in this book originated in
presentations made at the International Objective Measurement
Workshop (IOMW) devoted to exploring the interface between theory
and practice in measurement. Based on the complicated and
interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts, they
represent some of the most original and exciting developments in
the field of measurement today.
This introductory text describes the principles of invariant
measurement, how invariant measurement can be achieved with Rasch
models, and how to use invariant measurement to solve measurement
problems in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Rasch
models are used throughout but a comparison of Rasch models to
other item response theory (IRT) models is also provided. Written
with students in mind, the manuscript was class tested to help
maximize accessibility. Chapters open with an introduction and
close with a summary and discussion. Numerous examples and
exercises demonstrate the main issues addressed in each chapter.
Key terms are defined when first introduced and in an end-of-text
glossary. All of the book's analyses were conducted with the Facets
program. The data sets used in the book, sample syntax files for
running the Facets program, Excel files for creating item and
person response functions, links to related websites, and other
material are available at www.GeorgeEngelhard.com. Highlights
include: A strong philosophical and methodological approach to
measurement in the human sciences Demonstrations of how measurement
problems can be addressed using invariant measurement Practical
illustrations of how to create and evaluate scales using invariant
measurement A history of measurement based on test-score and
scaling traditions Previously unpublished work in analyzing rating
data, the detection and measurement of rater errors, and the
evaluation of rater accuracy A review of estimation methods,
model-data fit, indices used to evaluate the quality of
rater-mediated assessments, rater error and bias, and rater
accuracy. Intended as a supplementary text for graduate or advanced
undergraduate courses on measurement or test theory, item response
theory, scaling theory, psychometrics, advanced measurement
techniques, research methods, or evaluation research taught in
education, psychology, and the social and health sciences, the book
also appeals to practitioners and researchers in these fields who
develop or use scales and instruments. Only a basic mathematical
level is required including a basic course in statistic.
The purpose of this book is to present methods for developing,
evaluating and maintaining rater-mediated assessment systems.
Rater-mediated assessments involve ratings that are assigned by
raters to persons responding to constructed-response items (e.g.,
written essays and teacher portfolios) and other types of
performance assessments. This book addresses the following topics:
(1) introduction to the principles of invariant measurement, (2)
application of the principles of invariant measurement to
rater-mediated assessments, (3) description of the lens model for
rater judgments, (4) integration of principles of invariant
measurement with the lens model of cognitive processes of raters,
(5) illustration of substantive and psychometric issues related to
rater-mediated assessments in terms of validity, reliability, and
fairness, and (6) discussion of theoretical and practical issues
related to rater-mediated assessment systems. Invariant measurement
is fast becoming the dominant paradigm for assessment systems
around the world, and this book provides an invaluable resource for
graduate students, measurement practitioners, substantive theorists
in the human sciences, and other individuals interested in
invariant measurement when judgments are obtained with rating
scales.
The purpose of this book is to present methods for developing,
evaluating and maintaining rater-mediated assessment systems.
Rater-mediated assessments involve ratings that are assigned by
raters to persons responding to constructed-response items (e.g.,
written essays and teacher portfolios) and other types of
performance assessments. This book addresses the following topics:
(1) introduction to the principles of invariant measurement, (2)
application of the principles of invariant measurement to
rater-mediated assessments, (3) description of the lens model for
rater judgments, (4) integration of principles of invariant
measurement with the lens model of cognitive processes of raters,
(5) illustration of substantive and psychometric issues related to
rater-mediated assessments in terms of validity, reliability, and
fairness, and (6) discussion of theoretical and practical issues
related to rater-mediated assessment systems. Invariant measurement
is fast becoming the dominant paradigm for assessment systems
around the world, and this book provides an invaluable resource for
graduate students, measurement practitioners, substantive theorists
in the human sciences, and other individuals interested in
invariant measurement when judgments are obtained with rating
scales.
This introductory text describes the principles of invariant
measurement, how invariant measurement can be achieved with Rasch
models, and how to use invariant measurement to solve measurement
problems in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Rasch
models are used throughout but a comparison of Rasch models to
other item response theory (IRT) models is also provided. Written
with students in mind, the manuscript was class tested to help
maximize accessibility. Chapters open with an introduction and
close with a summary and discussion. Numerous examples and
exercises demonstrate the main issues addressed in each chapter.
Key terms are defined when first introduced and in an end-of-text
glossary. All of the book's analyses were conducted with the Facets
program. The data sets used in the book, sample syntax files for
running the Facets program, Excel files for creating item and
person response functions, links to related websites, and other
material are available at www.GeorgeEngelhard.com. Highlights
include: A strong philosophical and methodological approach to
measurement in the human sciences Demonstrations of how measurement
problems can be addressed using invariant measurement Practical
illustrations of how to create and evaluate scales using invariant
measurement A history of measurement based on test-score and
scaling traditions Previously unpublished work in analyzing rating
data, the detection and measurement of rater errors, and the
evaluation of rater accuracy A review of estimation methods,
model-data fit, indices used to evaluate the quality of
rater-mediated assessments, rater error and bias, and rater
accuracy. Intended as a supplementary text for graduate or advanced
undergraduate courses on measurement or test theory, item response
theory, scaling theory, psychometrics, advanced measurement
techniques, research methods, or evaluation research taught in
education, psychology, and the social and health sciences, the book
also appeals to practitioners and researchers in these fields who
develop or use scales and instruments. Only a basic mathematical
level is required including a basic course in statistic.
This book introduces current perspectives on Rasch measurement
theory with an emphasis on developing Rasch-based scales. Rasch
measurement theory represents a paradigm shift in measurement
theory away from classical test theory and creates a framework for
scaling that can yield invariant measurement. Rasch Models for
Solving Measurement Problems: Invariant Measurement in the Social
Sciences is a broadly accessible text. Authors George Engelhard Jr
and Jue Wang introduce Rasch measurement theory step by step, with
chapters on scale construction, evaluation, maintenance, and use.
Points are illustrated and techniques are demonstrated through an
extended example: The Food Insecurity Experience (FIE) Scale. The
Rasch analyses in the book are run using the Facets computer
program. Facets syntax, and R code for the ERMA program created by
the authors to obtain parameter estimates and to examine model-data
fit, together with sample data sets are all available on a website
for the book.
The chapters in this new volume describe original research
concerned with both theory and practice in measurement. The
material originated in presentations made at a conference that
brings together practicing professionals and theoreticians in
diverse areas of measurement and related fields. The first group of
papers embody the most important aspect of objective measurement -
its application to diverse contexts and purposes. The examples
included concentrate on two types of situations: performance
assessment and criterion-referenced testing. The specific contexts
range from writing assessment, to assessment of the professional
development of teachers, to high school physics. The second group
of papers are focused on an area of great importance in assessment
today: the modeling of raters and judges in an assessment context.
The volume concludes with papers that explore the domain of theory
in measurement, characterized by an innovative approach to
model-building. Even though they are categorized as theory papers,
most are based on the complicated and interesting problems that
arise in quite specific contexts. As such, they represent some of
the most original and exciting developments in the field of
measurement today ranging from multidimensional measurement to
graph theory and clustering techniques. This volume presents
original research concerned with the practice of measurement, and
the theory of measurement. The words in the title, objective
measurement indicate that the chapters are all related to a
particular approach to the philosophy and practice of measurement.
By objective measurement, we mean that, in a situation where a
certain class of stimuli (for example, items) are used to measure
certain individuals. The chapters in this book originated in
presentations made at the International Objective Measurement
Workshop (IOMW) devoted to exploring the interface between theory
and practice in measurement. Based on the complicated and
interesting problems that arise in quite specific contexts, they
represent some of the most original and exciting developments in
the field of measurement today.
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