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There may be areas of human life in which people have profited from
understanding history, but criminal justice is definitely not one
of them. In this field, each generation seems to undo the last
generation's reforms. Each generation resurrects old failures and
trots them out as new. A previous generation hailed indeterminate
sentencing as a great
Though originally an interloper in a system of justice mediated by
courtroom battles, plea bargaining now dominates American criminal
justice. This book traces the evolution of plea bargaining from its
beginnings in the early nineteenth century to its present pervasive
role. Through the first three quarters of the nineteenth century,
judges showed far less enthusiasm for plea bargaining than did
prosecutors. After all, plea bargaining did not assure judges
"victory"; judges did not suffer under the workload that
prosecutors faced; and judges had principled objections to
dickering for justice and to sharing sentencing authority with
prosecutors. The revolution in tort law, however, brought on a
flood of complex civil cases, which persuaded judges of the wisdom
of efficient settlement of criminal cases. Having secured the
patronage of both prosecutors and judges, plea bargaining quickly
grew to be the dominant institution of American criminal procedure.
Indeed, it is difficult to name a single innovation in criminal
procedure during the last 150 years that has been incompatible with
plea bargaining's progress and survived.
This volume is devoted to the dynamics and diagnostics of solar
magnetic fields and plasmas in the Sun's atmosphere. Five broad
areas of current research in Solar Physics are presented: (1) New
techniques for incorporating radiation transfer effects into
three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic models of the solar interior
and atmosphere, (2) The connection between observed radiation
processes occurring during flares and the underlying flare energy
release and transport mechanisms, (3) The global balance of forces
and momenta that occur during flares, (4) The data-analysis and
theoretical tools needed to understand and assimilate vector
magnetogram observations and (5) Connecting flare and CME phenomena
to the topological properties of the magnetic field in the Solar
Atmosphere. The role of the Sun's magnetic field is a major
emphasis of this book, which was inspired by a workshop honoring
Richard C. (Dick) Canfield. Dick has been making profound
contributions to these areas of research over a long and productive
scientific career. Many of the articles in this topical issue were
first presented as talks during this workshop and represent
substantial original work. The workshop was held 9 - 11 August
2010, at the Center Green campus of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. This volume is
aimed at researchers and graduate students active in solar physics,
solar-terrestrial physics and magneto-hydrodynamics. Previously
published in Solar Physics journal, Vol. 277/1, 2012.
This statutory supplement incorporates the latest changes to the
Federal Rules of Evidence as well as proposed revisions likely to
take effect in 2023 or 2024. Among these recent changes is a 2020
amendment to Rule 404's notice requirement. Also included are
proposed amendments to Rules 106, 615, and 702, revised after
public comments and likely to become law on December 1, 2023. Five
other proposed amendments—to Rules 611, 613(b), 801(d)(2),
804(b)(3), and 1006—have been released for public comment and are
on course to become law on December 1, 2024. The most significant
of these proposals would add a new subdivision, Rule 611(d),
governing courtroom use of illustrative aids. All these proposed
changes appear together with accompanying Advisory Committee's
Notes, selected public comments, and explanatory editor's notes.
The supplement also includes a side-by-side reprinting of the older
(pre-2011), unrestyled Federal Rules of Evidence and the newly
restyled rules to allow for ready comparison. Editor's notes point
out those areas where the restyling project, contrary to its
authors' claimed intentions, worked substantive changes to the
rules. Throughout the supplement, instructors and students who use
Fisher's Evidence (4th ed. 2022) will benefit from paginated
cross-references between the casebook and the supplement.
This volume is devoted to the dynamics and diagnostics of solar
magnetic fields and plasmas in the Sun's atmosphere. Five broad
areas of current research in Solar Physics are presented: (1) New
techniques for incorporating radiation transfer effects into
three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic models of the solar interior
and atmosphere, (2) The connection between observed radiation
processes occurring during flares and the underlying flare energy
release and transport mechanisms, (3) The global balance of forces
and momenta that occur during flares, (4) The data-analysis and
theoretical tools needed to understand and assimilate vector
magnetogram observations and (5) Connecting flare and CME phenomena
to the topological properties of the magnetic field in the Solar
Atmosphere. The role of the Sun's magnetic field is a major
emphasis of this book, which was inspired by a workshop honoring
Richard C. (Dick) Canfield. Dick has been making profound
contributions to these areas of research over a long and productive
scientific career. Many of the articles in this topical issue were
first presented as talks during this workshop and represent
substantial original work. The workshop was held 9 - 11 August
2010, at the Center Green campus of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. This volume is
aimed at researchers and graduate students active in solar physics,
solar-terrestrial physics and magneto-hydrodynamics. Previously
published in Solar Physics journal, Vol. 277/1, 2012.
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