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In Optical Nano and Micro Actuator Technology, leading engineers,
material scientists, chemists, physicists, laser scientists, and
manufacturing specialists offer an in-depth, wide-ranging look at
the fundamental and unique characteristics of light-driven optical
actuators. They discuss how light can initiate physical movement
and control a variety of mechanisms that perform mechanical work at
the micro- and nanoscale. The book begins with the scientific
background necessary for understanding light-driven systems,
discussing the nature of light and the interaction between light
and NEMS/MEMS devices. It then covers innovative optical actuator
technologies that have been developed for many applications. The
book examines photoresponsive materials that enable the design of
optically driven structures and mechanisms and describes specific
light-driven technologies that permit the manipulation of micro-
and nanoscale objects. It also explores applications in
optofluidics, bioMEMS and biophotonics, medical device design, and
micromachine control. Inspiring the next generation of scientists
and engineers to advance light-driven technologies, this book gives
readers a solid grounding in this emerging interdisciplinary area.
It thoroughly explains the scientific language and fundamental
principles, provides a holistic view of optical nano and micro
actuator systems, and illustrates current and potential
applications of light-driven systems.
Elastomeric optics exploit light transparent, variable translucent,
and reflective stretchable polymers to create novel strain-tunable
optical elements and flexible multifunctional optical sheets.
Optical sheets are thin, large-area polymer light guide structures
that can be used to create a wide variety of passive light
harvesting and illumination systems. The book introduces the
theoretical principles of elastomeric optics and explores how
simple and complex mechanically deformable optical devices can be
designed and fabricated. The transmission of light through these
optical components or waveguides depends on the selected materials,
surface interface, geometric design, optical coupling of embedded
micro-structures, and degree of device deformation. In addition to
providing a technical foundation for building adaptable optics, the
book seeks to inspire the next generation of scientists and
engineers to develop innovative solutions far beyond anything
imagined today.
In Light Driven Micromachines, the fundamental principles and
unique characteristics of light driven material structures, simple
mechanisms and integrated machines are explored. Very small light
driven systems provide a number of interesting features and unique
design opportunities because streams of photons deliver energy into
the system and provide the control signal used to regulate the
response of the micron sized device. Through innovative material
design and clever component fabrication, these optically powered
tiny machines can be created to perform mechanical work when
exposed to varying light intensity, wavelength, phase, and/or
polarization. The book begins with the scientific background
necessary to understand the nature of light and how light can
initiate physical movement by inducing material deformation or
altering the surrounding environment to impose micro-forces on the
actuating mechanisms. The impact of physical size on the
performance of light driven mechanisms and machines is discussed,
and the nature of light-material interactions is reviewed. These
interactions enable very small objects and mechanical components to
be trapped and manipulated by a focused light beam, or produce
local temperature gradients that force certain materials to undergo
shape transformation. Advanced phase transition gels, polymers,
carbon-based films and piezoelectric ceramics that exhibit direct
light-to-mechanical energy conversion are examined from the
perspective of designing optically driven actuators and mechanical
systems. The ability of light to create photothermal effects that
drive microfluidic processes and initiate the phase transformation
of temperature sensitive shape memory materials are also explored
in the book. This compendium seeks to inspire the next generation
of scientists and engineers by presenting the fundamental
principles of this emerging interdisciplinary technology and
exploring how the properties of light can be exploited for
microfluidic, microrobotic, biomedical and space applications.
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