This wide-ranging book is the first to examine one of the most significant and characteristic features of modern medicine - specialization - in historical and comparative context. Based on research in three languages, it traces the origins of modern medical specialization to 1830s Paris and examines its spread to Germany, Britain, and the US, showing how it evolved from an outgrowth of academic teaching and research in the 19th century into the dominant mode of medical practice by the middle of the 20th. Taking account of the parallels and differences in national developments, the book shows the international links among the nations' medical systems as well as the independent influences of local political and social conditions in the move toward specialization. An epilogue takes the story up to the twenty-first century, where problems of specialization merge into the larger crisis of health care which affects most western nations today.

The evolution of the state of many systems modeled by linear partial di?erential equations (PDEs) or linear delay di?erential equations can be described by ope- torsemigroups.Thestate ofsucha systemis anelementin anin?nite-dimensional normed space, whence the name "in?nite-dimensional linear system". The study of operator semigroups is a mature area of functional analysis, which is still very active. The study of observation and control operators for such semigroups is relatively more recent. These operators are needed to model the - teraction of a system with the surrounding world via outputs or inputs. The main topicsofinterestaboutobservationandcontroloperatorsareadmissibility,obse- ability, controllability, stabilizability and detectability. Observation and control operators are an essential ingredient of well-posed linear systems (or more gen- ally system nodes). In this book we deal only with admissibility, observability and controllability. We deal only with operator semigroups acting on Hilbert spaces. This book is meant to be an elementary introduction into the topics m- tioned above. By "elementary" we mean that we assume no prior knowledge of ?nite-dimensional control theory, and no prior knowledge of operator semigroups or of unbounded operators. We introduce everything needed from these areas. We do assume that the reader has a basic understanding of bounded operators on Hilbert spaces, di?erential equations, Fourier and Laplace transforms, dist- butions and Sobolev spaces on n-dimensional domains. Much of the background needed in these areas is summarized in the appendices, often with proofs.

This wide-ranging and imaginative book examines the social and scientific role of the French Academy of Medicine from its creation in 1820 to the outbreak of the Second World War. The first chapters focus on the institution and its activities, including the evaluation of medical innovations and the cultivation of professional memory through eulogies and institutional art. Weisz argues that the Academy was gradually transformed from a low-status public institution that was central to French medical science in the nineteenth century to an "establishment" institution largely irrelevant to medical science but playing a key role in public health policy. The second half of the book uses the activities and literary productions of the Academy to explore broader issues of medical history. The Academy's role in the regulation and scientific study of mineral waters illuminates processes of discipline formation in medical science and explores the therapeutic specificity of French medicine. Academic debates are used to investigate the appropriation of new research techniques like animal experimentation and quantification in therapeutic reasoning. Academic eulogies provide a starting point for the evolving medical and scientific reputation of Laennec, the inventor of ausculation, Using techniques of prosopography applied to the membership of the Academy, Weisz goes on to analyze the role of the Parisian medical elite in French medicine and its social place within the French bourgeoisie. His concluding chapter examines the emerging self-images of this Parisian elite in academic eulogies.

The papers in this volume represent the first attempt at a coherent analysis of the institutional structure of French science and technology in the nineteenth century. They treat both research and education and cover the main developments in the period from the establishment of the Napoleonic University in 1808 to the outbreak of the First World War. The papers reflect the intense interest in the social history of French science since the Revolution and convey a vivid impression of different modes of thought in a particularly active field of research. The contributions stress and develop more clearly than in any previous study, the theme of structural change in a complex interlocking network of institutions. Far from being an unresponsive monolith, France's system of scientific research and education proved capable of significant modification and expansion, especially in the later nineteenth century. To an extent that has not been fully recognised by historians, the French did respond to the changing demands of an industrialising economy and to the intellectual, economic and political challenge of the new Germany - a point that needs to be taken into account in discussions of the supposed decline of French science in the nineteenth century.

George Weisz offers a comprehensive analysis of the French university system during the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Examining the major reforms of higher education undertaken during the Third Republic, he argues that the original thrust for reform came from within the educational system, especially from an academic profession seeking to raise its occupational status. Originally published in 1983. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

George Weisz offers a comprehensive analysis of the French university system during the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Examining the major reforms of higher education undertaken during the Third Republic, he argues that the original thrust for reform came from within the educational system, especially from an academic profession seeking to raise its occupational status.

Originally published in 1986.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

"Drei Dinge machen die Medizin: die Krankheit, der Kranke und der Arzt. Alle Heilkunde aber ist vergebens, wenn der Kranke nicht mitwirkt mit seinem Arzt. Der Arzt muss nicht nur selbst bereit sein, das Erforderliche zu tun, sondern auch der Kranke, seine Umgebung und die ausseren Umstande mussen dazu beitragen. " (Hippokrates Aphorismen) Mit diesem Buch wollen wir gemeinsam mit den Autoren ei nen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis der psychosozialen Komponente von Krebserkrankungen, insbesondere bei Frauen mit Brustkrebs, leisten. Haufig beklagen Krebspatienten die Sprachlosigkeit ihrer Umwelt und das Alleingelassensein mit der Angst. Sie empfin den, dass im Rahmen der medizinischen Versorgung das Ge sprach uber ihre Probleme im Umgang mit der Krankheit Krebs zu kurz kommt. AErzte wiederum sind aufgrund ihrer medizinischen Fach ausbildung primar auf die Therapie ausgerichtet und mussen oft erst das Gesprach mit Krebskranken im Verlauf ihrer arzt lichen Tatigkeit erlernen. So ist Krebs auch ein Kommunikationsproblem zwischen den Beteiligten. In dem Bemuhen um eine gemeinsame, ganzheitliche Be handlung des Krebskranken, in welcher der Patient eine gleichberechtigte Rolle spielt, haben sich neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit von Patienten und Angehoerigen mit AErzten in Klinik und Praxis, Schwestern, Pflegern und psychosozial arbeitenden Helfern, Psychologen, Sozialarbeitern und Seel sorgern entwickelt. Unsere Mithilfe bei der Intensivierung dieser Zusammen arbeit aller an der onkologischen Behandlung Beteiligten be gann 1985 in Ascona auf dem Monte Verita mit dem Modell "Miteinander reden. Brustkrebskranke Frauen sprechen mit Experten. ".

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ America's Maritime Progress George Weiss J. W. Leonard The New York marine news company, 1920 Merchant marine; Shipbuilding; Shipping

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger PublishingA AcentsAcentsa A-Acentsa Acentss Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of intere

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone!

Mark Weber, after retiring for the night, was transported in time to Jerusalem at the time of the final days of Christ. He experienced the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, on what is now known as Palm Sunday. In a very brief stay, he was given the ability to read and speak all languages. Returning to his own bed, he was in shock when he awoke and realized that it had not been a dream. He met and joined forces with two others who had a parallel experience. They were the only apparent opposition to an evil super genius, who had charmed most people, and who was well along in his intent to be their ruler.

Mark Weber, the sole owner and chief executive of a worldwide multilayer conglomerate returned home after an exhausting week. Quickly retiring and falling into a deep sleep, he dreamed that he mysteriously appeared in Jerusalem during the time of the final days of Christ. He was given the gift of tongues, being able to read and speak all languages. He also had the ability to converse telepathically. During his brief visit, he became romantically involved with the daughter of a biblical personality. Returning to his own bed, he was in shock when he awoke and realized that it had not been a dream. He revisited Jerusalem as he had fallen in love with the daughter, and although he knew that it was impossible to ever see her again, he felt the urge to be close to where he had last been with her. During this trip he met two others who had an experience similar to his and on the same night. They were also granted the gift of conversing in all languages including telepathic ability. It developed that they were the only apparent opposition to a totally capable and evil super genius, who had charmed most people of the world, and was well along in his intent to be their ruler. Many attempts on their lives were made by the evil genius, as he was aware that only they knew the truth about him, and could ruin his well laid plans.

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.