Solvents have a major role to play in the environmental and sustainability agenda, and many currently used solvents have to be replaced, either because of regulations or because of increasing demands for safer solvents and produce them in safer way. Some solvents previously advertised as green solvents have to be replaced according to the present regulations, and these are costly and risky operations. This book not only gives data on carefully selected, commercially available, green solvents but it also gives expert advice on how to assess and qualify green solvents. Physical properties are included, as are health and safety considerations (such as carcinogenicity, reproduction/developmental toxicity, flammability) and first aid guidance. Emphasis is given in particular to cost-saving and more efficient replacements for more toxic solvents. Detailed information is also given for usage considerations, including outstanding properties, potential substitutes, features and benefits for each solvent and for which products the solvent is recommended.

Each chapter in this volume is focused on a specific set of solvent properties which determine its choice, effect on properties of solutes and solutions, properties of different groups of solvents and the summary of their applications' effect. This includes effectson health and environment (given in tabulated form), swelling of solids in solvents, solvent diffusion and drying processes, nature of interaction of solvent and solute in solutions, acid-base interactions, effect of solvents on spectral and other electronic properties of solutions, effect of solvents on rheology of solution, aggregation of solutes, permeability, molecular structure, crystallinity, configuration, and conformation of dissolved high molecular weight compounds, methods of application of solvent mixtures to enhance the range of their applicability, and effect of solvents on chemical reactions and reactivity of dissolved substances.
Provides key insight to help engineers and scientists select the best solvent for the jobPractical information and ideas to improve existing processes involving solventsBrings together the latest advances in solvent technology and applications"

The second edition of the "Handbook of Plasticizers" thoroughly reviews information currently available in open literature, such as published scientific papers, information from plasticizer manufacturers, and patent literature.

Plasticizers are used in so many products that every library should have this reference source of information on plasticizers readily available for its readers. This book should be used in conjunction with "Plasticizer Database," which gives information on the present status and properties of industrial and research plasticizers.

The book covers the uses, advantages, and disadvantages of plasticizers, historical and theoretical background, their effects on process conditions, and health, safety, and environmental issues.
The most comprehensive reference work available, covering the properties and applications of plasticizers.Combine scientific background with extensive data and practical engineering techniques.

Contains information from the most recent sources and updated information

Product reliability is the major aim of technological know-how. Uninterrupted performance of manufactured products at typical and extreme conditions of its use is the major goal of product development and the most important indicator of material quality.

This book provides information on defect formation and materials damage. The following aspects of material performance are discussed:

1 Effect of composition, morphological features, and structure of different materials on material performance, durability, and resilience

2 Analysis of causes of material damage and degradation

3 Effect of processing conditions on material damage

4 Effect of combined action of different degradants on industrial products

5 Systematic analysis of existing knowledge regarding the modes of damage and morphology of

damaged material

6 Methods of analysis of material damage

7 Comparison of experiences generated in different sectors of industry regarding the most frequently encountered failures, reasons for these failures, and potential improvements preventing future damage

The name "Atlas" was selected to indicate emphasis of the book on illustration with many real examples of damaged products and discussion of causes of damage and potential for material improvements.

Special chapter contains examples of damage encountered in different groups of industrial products. Each group of materials is discussed according to the following breakdown:

1 Examples of damage typically encountered in a group under discussion

2 Results of structural analysis of degradation (e.g., image analysis, surface and bulk mapping by analytic techniques such as NMR, XPS, thermography, etc.)

3 Credit to the source of images, references, and explanations

4 Conditions under which material was degraded

5 Discussion of morphological features and observations
Data and images are provided for many material types, making this a hard-working reference guide for engineers working in a range of different market sectors.As well as providing core data, this reference explains the range of test and imaging techniques available, enabling engineers and scientists to take optimal and cost effective decisions.An essential tool for identifying material damage and implementing successful maintenance and replacement regimes.

Polymers selected for this edition of the Handbook of Polymers include all major polymeric materials used by the plastics and other branches of the chemical industry as well as specialty polymers used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical, and space fields. Extensive information is included on biopolymers.

The data included in the Handbook of Polymers come from open literature (published articles, conference papers, and books), literature available from manufacturers of various grades of polymers, plastics, and finished products, and patent literature. The above sources were searched, including the most recent literature. It can be seen from the references that a large portion of the data comes from information published in 2011. This underscores one of the major goals of this undertaking, which is to provide readers with the most up-to-date information.

Frequently, data from different sources vary in a broad range and they have to be reconciled. In such cases, values closest to their average and values based on testing of the most current grades of materials are selected to provide readers with information which is characteristic of currently available products, focusing on the potential use of data in solving practical problems. In this process of verification many older data were rejected unless they have been confirmed by recently conducted studies.

Presentation of data for all polymers is based on a consistent pattern of data arrangement, although, depending on data availability, only data fields which contain actual values are included for each individual polymer. The entire scope of the data is divided into sections to make data comparison and search easy.

.

Handbook of Polymers contains information on all essential data used in practical applications, research, and legislation The most sought after data for over 230 of the most widely used polymers

The most up-to-date reference data available in print

This handbook, now in its second edition, is the only comprehensive reference available on the subject of antiblocking, release, and slip additives, which are of high industrial importance. These additives are used to alter the properties and performance of polymers, and improve the efficiency and cost of processing methods. These characteristics make additives an important topic across the spectrum of industry sectors that employ plastics and polymers.

Topics covered include: Types and concentrations, Effect on polymer and/or other additives, and Typical formulations. Information on use of additives in various products is divided into the following sections: Types and concentrations, Reasons for use, Advantages and disadvantages of additive use, Effect on product properties, and Examples of formulations. Processing methods are discussed using the following breakdown: Types and concentrations, Effect on process, Effect on product properties, Advantages and disadvantages of additive use, Examples of formulations. A complete analysis of literature and patents available from the first use of these additives until now is included in the book.

Wypych considers all essential aspects of chemistry, physical properties, influence on properties of final products, formulations, methods of incorporation, analysis, and effects on health and environment. The book comprises 18 chapters, each addressing specific aspect of properties and applications of antiblocking, release, and slip agents.

* The only available reference on antiblocking, slip, and release additives

* A comprehensive information source, with numerous references provided as a starting point for further investigation

* Evaluation of additives that can help speed up processes, improve product quality, and reduce waste

This authoritative book gives extensive information on micro-organisms involved in biodegradation of materials and biocides which are permitted for use according to the most up-to-date legislations. Micro-organisms involved, mechanisms of biodegradation and bio deterioration, results of biodeterioration, and methods of biostabilization are given for a large number of products falling into 22 group categories, such as building products, coatings and paints, cultural heritage, dental materials, electrical and electronic products, fibers and textiles, leather and leather products, marine transport, medical applications, metals, mineral dispersions, petroleum products (fuels and lubricants), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and toiletries, polymers, pulp and paper, roofing materials, rubber, sealants and adhesives, stones, swimming pools, water, and wood.

This comprehensive source of fundamental information and data is based on thousands of papers, patents, and information from biocide manufacturers. The book contains also information on methods of analysis, law, health and safety, and environmental protection.

The above contents and the most-up-to-date information make this book essential for almost all the fields of applied chemistry. Very drastic changes in biocides which can be used according to regulations makes most the very informative books published in past misleading because most of their contents cannot be applied to the present regulations. This book only looks to future applications, giving ideas on how to protect materials in today s environment. "

Fillers are added to materials such as plastics and composites to reduce costs and to improve and modify the properties of the material. Key sectors using fillers include plastics, rubber, paints, adhesives and paper, with the global fillers market valued at about $35 billion. Recent developments in the field of nanoparticles have led to a range of new fillers, covered for the first time in the 3e of this classic data handbook.

"Handbook of Fillers, 3e, " contains information based on the analysis of over 3,500 research papers, mostly published from 1994 to 2009 (more than half were published after the 2e), technical data received from over 200 filler manufacturers and equipment manufacturing, and relevant patent literature.
Essential reference material for engineers and scientists using fillers in industry sectors, including plastics, rubber, paints, adhesives and paperA definitive data handbook covering the spectrum of fillers on the market today3eincorporates the latest developments, including nanofillers"

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most versatile and widely used polymers, with applications as diverse as doors and window frames, flooring, piping, electric wire insulation, toys, food packaging and car interiors.

In this book, George Wypych has brought together in one place the core data and reference information needed by PVC manufacturers, processors, and users:

Polymer properties and data for material selection

Reference data on the 23 groups of additives are used in PVC processing to improve its properties and obtain the set of product characteristics required by the end-user.

A comprehensive collection of 500 formulations compiled from recent patents, journal articles, and information from suppliers. A broad selection of formulations is used in each category to determine the essential components of formulations used in a particular method of processing, the most important parameters of successful products, troubleshooting information, and suggestions of further sources of information on the method of processing.

Data on PVC and its products: general data and nomenclature, chemical composition and properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, health and safety, environmental information, use and application information.
A comprehensive and data-rich guide to PVC and its additives

Essential reference data for scientists and engineers involved in the design and production of PVC products, and their applications across a range of sectors such as construction and packaging

Includes over 500 formulations: a unique data set

With the global renewal of interest in PVC, this book is well timed, considering that PVC stabilization is the most important aspect of its formulation and performance.
Only four books have been published on PVC degradation and stabilization (the last one in the 1980s), and two of them are by the author of this book.
Separate chapters review information on chemical structure, PVC manufacturing technology, morphology, degradation by thermal energy, and UV, gamma, and other forms of radiation, mechanodegradation, chemical degradation, analytic methods used in studying of degradative and stabilization processes, stabilization, and effect of PVC and its additives on health, safety and environment.
This book contains analysis of all essential papers published until recently on the above subject. It either locates the answers to relevant questions and offers solutions or gives references in which such answers can be found.
PVC Degradation and Stabilization is must have for chemists, engineers, scientists, university teachers and students, designers, material scientists, environmental chemists, and lawyers who work with polyvinyl chloride and its additives or have any interest in these products. This book is the one authoritative source on the subject.
AThe first book on this subject since the 1980s. AShows new trends and directions in the manufacture and use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). AHelps lead research and development of successful and responsible application of additives in PVC processing and applications."

The fourth edition of this seminal work provides comprehensive and current information on material weathering for over forty families of polymers. It presents discussions on formulating mechanisms of degradation, effect of thermal processes, present characteristic changes in properties, and tables of available numerical data. This single source reference will dramatically reduce the time used searching for answers in many different sources.

This book is an important reference monograph for those involved in studying material durability, producing materials for outdoor use and actinic exposure, research chemists in the photochemistry field, chemists and material scientists designing new materials, users of manufactured products, those who control the quality of manufactured products, and students who want to apply their knowledge to real materials.

This is the first comprehensive handbook written on the subject of antistatic additives for polymers. These are additives capable of modifying properties of materials in such a way they become antistatic, conductive, and/or EMI shielding. The book contains 22 chapters, each addressing a specific aspect of properties and applications of antistatic agents. The comprehensive analysis of performance of these materials forms a critical source of information for industry, research, academia, and legislature.

Handbook of Rheological Additives covers how these additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries, providing readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables for each product, whether commercial or generic. Data is divided into General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, Use and Performance. Sections cover their state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, and more. Other notations include updates on NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion and skin and eye irritation.

Handbook of Polymers, Third Edition represents an update on available data, including new values for many commercially available products, verification of existing data, and removal of older data where it is no longer useful. Polymers selected for this edition include all primary polymeric materials used by the plastics and chemical industries and specialty polymers used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical and aerospace fields, with extensive information also provided on biopolymers. The book includes data on all polymeric materials used by the plastics industry and branches of the chemical industry, as well as specialty polymers in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical and space fields. The entire scope of the data is divided into sections to make data comparison and search easy, including synthesis, physical, mechanical, and rheological properties, chemical resistance, toxicity, environmental impact, and more.

Rheological additives are commonly applied in a wide range of industries and this databook provides readers with information on over 300 organic and inorganic additives. This information is presented in individual tables tor each product, whether commercial or generic. The data are divided into five groups, those being General Information, Physical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties, and Use & Performance. The following information is included in each section: General Information: name, CAS #, EC #, IUPAC name, common name, common synonyms, acronym, biobased, cellulose functionality, charge, degree of substitution, empirical formula, chemical structure, molecular mass, RTECS number, chemical category, product class, product composition, moisture content, and solids content. Physical Properties: state, odor, color, bulk density, density, specific gravity, relative density, boiling point, melting point, pour point, decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature, refractive index, vapor pressure, vapor density, volume resistivity, relative permittivity, ash content, pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, absolute viscosity, surface tension, hydration time, solubility in solvents, solubility in water, the heat of combustion, the heat of decomposition, specific heat, thermal conductivity, Henry's law constant, particle size, and volatility. Health & Safety: NFPA classification, HMIS classification, OSHA hazard class, UN Risk phrases, UN Safety phrases, UN/NA class, DOT class, ADR/RIC class, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, packaging group, shipping name, food approvals, autoignition temperature, self-accelerating decomposition temperature, flash point, TLV ACGIH, NIOSH and OSHA, maximum exposure concentration IDLH, animal testing oral-rat, rabbit-dermal, mouse-oral, guinea pig-dermal, rat-dermal, rat-inhalation, mouse-inhalation, ingestion, skin irritation, eye irritation, inhalation, first aid eye, skin, and inhalation, carcinogenicity IARC, NTP, OSHA, ACGIH, and mutagenicity. Ecological Properties: biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, theoretical oxygen demand, biodegradation probability, aquatic toxicity algae, Rainbow trout, Sheepshead minnow, Fathead minnow, and Daphnia magna, and partition coefficient. Use & Performance: manufacturer, product feature, recommended for polymers, recommended for products, outstanding properties, compatibility, limitations, a typical reason for use, processing methods, the concentration used, storage temperature, and food approval.

Databook of Impact Modifiers provides key information on how to modify structure and morphology, improve mechanical performance, and prevent changes during the use of polymeric products through proper selection of impact modifiers. The book brings analyses of important publications found in open and patent literature, with special attention given to recent findings that have brought many new essential developments. Sections cover an analysis of chemical origin and related properties of impact modifiers, which are analyzed in general terms to highlight the differences in their properties. This handbook contains the essential theoretical knowledge required for proper selection and use of impact modifiers, including their morphological structure and distribution in a polymer matrix, the effect of polymer crystallization in the presence of and without impact modifiers, important influences on impact modification, mechanisms of modification, and effective methods of incorporation of impact modifiers.

Atlas of Material Damage, Third Edition provides a systematic analysis of modes of damage and morphology of damaged material and compares the experiences of different industries to provide insights into the most frequently encountered failures, reasons for these failures, and potential improvements to prevent future failure. The book covers defect formation, material damage, and how structure of materials impacts designed function. The effects of composition, processing conditions, and singular and combined actions of different degradants on industrial products are discussed at length. Technological steps required to obtain specifically designed morphology for specific performance are outlined, and numerous examples of how this special morphology can be achieved and deployed in electronics, plastics, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, automotive, medical, dental and a range of other fields and applications is also covered.

Handbook of Polymer Processing Additives provides insights on the selection of additives, their performance mechanisms, essential application properties, and a complete analysis of related literature and patents. Acid scavengers, air release, anticaking, antigassing, anti-gelling, anti-settling, hydrolysis stabilizers, and moisture scavengers are each covered. Information on the use of additives in various products is divided into sections on types, concentrations, usage, advantages and disadvantages, effects on product properties, and examples of formulation. Processing methods are similarly divided into sections on types and concentrations, effects on the process, effect on product properties, advantages and disadvantages, and examples of formulation. All essential aspects of chemistry, physical properties, influence on properties of final products, formulations, methods of incorporation, analysis and effects on health and environment are considered. The book is an excellent companion to the Databook of Polymer Processing Additives.

This book, the first monograph fully devoted to UV degradation and stabilization ever published in English language, has 12 chapters, each discussing different aspect of UV related phenomena. In the introduction the existing literature has been reviewed to find out how plants, animals and humans protect themselves against UV radiation, and which lessons were already applied to the protection of man-made materials and final products, and which mechanisms work in living things but are not in the use of technical products. Photophysics is discussed in the second chapter to build understanding of physical phenomena occurring in materials when they are exposed to UV radiation. Potentially useful stabilization methods become obvious from the analysis of photophysics of the process but these effects are also combined with photochemical properties of stabilizers and their mechanisms of stabilization, and this subject is discussed in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 contains information on available UV stabilizers. It contains a set of data prepared according to a systematic outline as listed in the Table of Contents. Stability of UV stabilizers, important for predicting lifetime of their protection is discussed in Chapter 5. Different reasons of instability are included in evaluation. Principles of stabilizer selection are given in Chapter 6. Ten areas of influence of stabilizer properties and expectations from the final products were selected for discussion in this chapter. Chapters 7 and 8 give specific information on degradation and stabilization of different polymers & rubbers and final products manufactured from them, respectively. 50 polymers and rubbers are discussed in different sections of Chapter 7 and 40 groups of final products which use majority of UV stabilizers are discussed in Chapter 8. In addition, more focused information is provided in Chapter 9 for sunscreens. This is example of new developments in technology. The subjects discussed in each individual case of polymer or group of products are given in Table of Contents. Specific effects of UV stabilizers which may affect formulation because of interaction between UV stabilizers and other components of formulations are discussed in Chapter 10. Analytical methods, which are most frequently used in UV stabilization, are discussed in Chapter 11 to show their potential in further understanding of UV degradation and stabilization. The book is concluded with the effect of UV stabilizers on the health and safety of workers involved in their processing and public using the products (Chapter 12).

Databook of Surface Modification Additives, Second Edition contains data on 10 groups of additives, including anti-scratch and mar-preventing additives, additives for surface tension reduction and wetting, hydrophobization additives, gloss enhancement and surface matting additives, additives for formation of tack-free surface and tackifiers, and stain inhibiting additives. The information on each is divided into five sections, including General Information, Physical- chemical Properties, Health and Safety, Ecological Properties and Use and Performance. This data is provided for approximately 360 of the most important surface modification additives produced and used today. This databook will be an extremely useful resource for engineers, researchers and technicians interested in using additives to modify and improve the surface properties of materials.

Handbook of Adhesion Promoters, Second Edition outlines known mechanisms, principles of use, and the applications of different groups of adhesion promoters, along with a discussion of the mechanisms that cause adhesion loss, such as corrosion, delamination, detachment, liquid penetration and peeling. Surface condition and treatment are also discussed, including different methods (cleaning, mechanical, plasma, microwave, flame, corona discharge, laser, UV, and chemical modification) for practical applications. Formulation of typical primers used in the application of adhesives, sealants, coatings, coil coatings, cosmetics, metal, optical devices, polymers and plastics are covered, with over 50 primer formulations provided. In addition, a full chapter is dedicated to the subject of polymer modification for improved adhesion, a method frequently used instead of the addition of adhesion promoters. The book's final chapters contain information on available evaluation and selection of adhesion promoters that work with different polymers (29), products (28), and those that help to prevent corrosion.

Handbook of Plasticizers, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive review of the current literature as well as cutting-edge details on plasticizers obtained from renewable resources. The book specifies the typical properties of plasticizers belonging to one of thirty-one groups, including expected properties in a given group. The mechanisms of plasticizers, plasticization production steps, and their material behavior in plasticized systems are outlined, along with theoretical background to help readers understand practical observations and methods of material improvement. Other chapters cover the effects on the physical and mechanical properties of plasticized materials, their use in polymers, processing defects formation, and more. This is an essential professional reference, providing R&D scientists, production chemists, and engineers the information they need to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. In addition, the book shows readers how and where to use plasticizers more effectively.

Handbook of Surface Improvement and Modification, Second Edition covers additives and the modification processes that determine the surface properties of many materials. These additives can modify or improve scratch and mar resistance, improve gloss or flatten the surface, increase or decrease tack and inhibit staining. Mechanisms of damage, protection and property improvements are also discussed, making this an essential handbook for engineers, researchers and technicians interested in using additives to modify and improve the surface properties of materials. A companion book, Databook of Surface Modification and Additives, is also available with more information on the additives commercially available to improve materials.

Functional Fillers: Chemical Composition, Morphology, Performance, Applications, Second Edition covers the structure, physical properties, electrical and magnetic properties, and applications of fillers. The book includes two sections, with the first part covering classic fillers, analyzing the current modifications in relation to composition and morphology, and enabling enhancements in properties and applications. The second part presents the new generation of fillers, which provide designers with exceptional properties not previously available. Applications discussed include lubricants, anti-corrosion, antimicrobial, and more. Renewable fillers and recycling of fillers are covered as well.

Handbook of Odors in Plastic Materials, Third Edition analyzes the reasons behind unwanted odor formation and outlines methods for prevention. This new edition contains a thorough review of the most recent data, achievements and information in this less known but very significant field of polymer modification. The book covers the fundamentals of odor formation and its transport within a material, the relationship between odor and toxicity, and various methods of odor removal and unwanted odor formation. Three chapters are devoted to the analysis of odor-related matters in different polymers, products and methods of processing. Dozens of polymers and product groups are analyzed, and the book also discusses regulations related to odor in products, effects of odor on health and safety, the effect of odors from plastic materials on indoor air quality, information on testing of odor changes, as well as a selection of raw materials for fog-free products.