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After World War II, Austria was occupied by Soviet, American,
British, and French forces. This study provides the history of the
treaty that was negotiated in order to end this occupation. In the
Moscow Declaration of 1943, the United States, Great Britain and
the Soviet Union had declared that Austria should be liberated from
Nazi rule and reconstructed as an independent state. After the war,
however, this goal was soon overshadowed by security and power
considerations, and then by the Cold War. While the West strove to
safeguard Austria's independence from communist expansion, the USSR
refused to finalize a treaty and to withdraw from its zone in the
eastern part of the country. In the end it took until 1955 to come
to an agreement and receive Soviet consent for a treaty. An
important Soviet precondition for agreeing to withdraw was Austria
becoming a permanently neutral country. The roots of Austria's
neutrality as traced in this volume were not only linked to Soviet,
but also to Austrian considerations. Based on US, Soviet, British,
French, German, Swiss and Austrian documents, the book analyzes the
risks, pitfalls and blockades that had to be avoided and overcome
before Austria could finally regain its independence and be
reconstructed.
Until the eighteenth century, Western societies were hierarchical
ones. Since then, they have transformed themselves into societies
dominated by two features: participatory democracy and the
protection of human rights. In Modern Isonomy, distinguished
political theorist Gerald Stourzh unites these ideas as "isonomy."
The ideal, Stourzh argues, is a state, and indeed a world, in which
individual rights, including the right to participate in politics
equally, are clearly defined and possessed by all. Stourzh begins
with ancient Greek thought contrasting isonomy-which is associated
with the rule of the many-with "gradated societies," oligarchies,
and monarchies. He then discusses the American experiment with the
development of representative democracy as well as the French
Revolution, which proclaimed that all people are born and remain
free and with equal rights. But progress on the creation and
protection of rights for all has been uneven. Stourzh discusses
specifically the equalization of slaves, peasants, women, Jews, and
indigenous people. He demonstrates how deeply intertwined the
protection of equal rights is with the development of democracy and
gives particular attention to the development of constitutional
adjudication, notably the constitutional complaint of individuals.
He also discusses the international protection human rights. Timely
and thought-provoking, Modern Isonomy is an erudite exploration of
political and human rights.
Until the eighteenth century, Western societies were hierarchical
ones. Since then, they have transformed themselves into societies
dominated by two features: participatory democracy and the
protection of human rights. In Modern Isonomy, distinguished
political theorist Gerald Stourzh unites these ideas as "isonomy."
The ideal, Stourzh argues, is a state, and indeed a world, in which
individual rights, including the right to participate in politics
equally, are clearly defined and possessed by all. Stourzh begins
with ancient Greek thought contrasting isonomy-which is associated
with the rule of the many-with "gradated societies," oligarchies,
and monarchies. He then discusses the American experiment with the
development of representative democracy as well as the French
Revolution, which proclaimed that all people are born and remain
free and with equal rights. But progress on the creation and
protection of rights for all has been uneven. Stourzh discusses
specifically the equalization of slaves, peasants, women, Jews, and
indigenous people. He demonstrates how deeply intertwined the
protection of equal rights is with the development of democracy and
gives particular attention to the development of constitutional
adjudication, notably the constitutional complaint of individuals.
He also discusses the international protection human rights. Timely
and thought-provoking, Modern Isonomy is an erudite exploration of
political and human rights.
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