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Deepening the scientific debate on planning and complexity, this
Handbook combines theoretical discussion about planning and
governance with modelling complex behaviour in space and place.
Linking planning and complexity as a way of understanding dynamic
change and non-linear development within cities, it presents
critical new insights on complex urban behaviour. Building on the
notion that cities have fractal-like structures, chapters look at
their behaviour as complex adaptive systems, with co-evolving
trajectories and transformative forces. The Handbook offers new
perspectives, concepts, methods and tools for understanding the
inter-relations between complexity and planning, including:
adaptive planning, non-linear types of rationality, governance and
decision-making, and different methods of experimental learning.
Planning, complexity, urban studies and social geography scholars
will appreciate the examples of complex urban behaviour and urban
planning throughout the Handbook. This will also be an important
read for modellers in urban development, urban policy makers and
spatial planners. Contributors include: E.R. Alexander, Y. Asami,
M. Batty, R. Beunen, B. Boonstra, S.D. Campbell, S. Cozzolino, M.
Duineveld, S. Eraranta, N. Frantzeskaki, T. Ishikawa, W. Jager, D.
Loorbach, S. Moroni, C. Perrone, J. Portugali, W. Rauws, N.A.
Salingaros, K. Van Assche, A. van Nes, S. Verweij, T. Von Wirth, M.
Zellner,
This title was first published in 2000. Encouraging, even
requiring, higher density urban development is a major policy in
the European Community and of Agenda 21, and a central principle of
growth management programmes used by cities around the world. This
work takes a critical look at a number of claims made by proponents
of this initiative, seeking to answer whether indeed this strategy
controls the spread of urban suburbs into open lands, is acceptable
to residents, reduces trip lengths and encourages use of public
transit, improves efficiency in providing urban infrastructure and
services, and results in environmental improvements supporting
higher quality of life in cities.
Many of the key notions associated with spatial planning are
essentially 'fuzzy' in their nature. For example, while almost
everyone accepts 'sustainability' as an important goal of planning,
the actions of the actors involved can render the achieved
'sustainability' minimal, or even counterproductive. Putting
forward an innovative way of looking at planning problems and
policies, this volume suggests actor-consulting is important in
addressing the fuzzy nature of planning. A tool to address
differences in understanding, actor-consulting is based on an
analysis of actor motives, perceptions and contributions. By
inviting all actors to express their desired, actual and potential
contributions to achieving an agreed outcome to a local policy
issue, decision-makers have a means to develop their goals in line
with the roles, motivation, perception and behaviour of the various
actors involved. Including contributions from Patsy Healy, Johan
Woltjer, Don Miller and Karel Martens, the book presents a variety
of case studies which demonstrate the use of the actor-consulting
model in addressing planning issues.
Complexity, complex systems and complexity theories are becoming
increasingly important within a variety disciplines. While these
issues are less well known within the discipline of spatial
planning, there has been a recent growing awareness and interest.
As planners grapple with how to consider the vagaries of the real
world when putting together proposals for future development, they
question how complexity, complex systems and complexity theories
might prove useful with regard to spatial planning and the physical
environment. This book provides a readable overview, presenting and
relating a range of understandings and characteristics of
complexity and complex systems as they are relevant to planning. It
recognizes multiple, relational approaches of dynamic complexity
which enhance understandings of, and facilitate working with,
contingencies of place, time and the various participants'
behaviours. In doing so, it should contribute to a better
understanding of processes with regard to our physical and social
worlds.
Spatial planning is about dealing with our 'everyday' environment.
In A Planner's Encounter with Complexity we present various
understandings of complexity and how the environment is considered
accordingly. One of these considerations is the environment as
subject to processes of continuous change, being either progressive
or destructive, evolving non-linearly and alternating between
stable and dynamic periods. If the environment that is subject to
change is adaptive, self-organizing, robust and flexible in
relation to this change, a process of evolution and co-evolution
can be expected. This understanding of an evolving environment is
not mainstream to every planner. However, in A Planner's Encounter
with Complexity, we argue that environments confronted with
discontinuous, non-linear evolving processes might be more real
than the idea that an environment is simply a planner's creation.
Above all, we argue that recognizing the 'complexity' of our
environment offers an entirely new perspective on our world and our
environment, on planning theory and practice, and on the raison
d'Atre of the planners that we are. A Planner's Encounter with
Complexity is organized into 17 chapters. It begins with the
interplay of planning and complexity from the perspective of
contemporary planning theory. It continues by critically assessing
planning theory and practice in the light of the interdisciplinary
debate regarding complexity thinking. As the book progresses, it
positions itself ever closer to the perspective of complexity
thinking, looking at the planning discipline 'from the outside in',
clarifying the facets of complexity and its importance in planning.
Finally, conceptual and theoretical developments towards more
applied examples are identified in order to see the interplay of
planning and complexity in practice. This book emphasizes the
importance of complexity in planning, clarifies many of the
concepts and theories, presents examples on planning and
complexity, and proposes new ideas and methods for planning.
Complexity, complex systems and complexity theories are becoming
increasingly important within a variety disciplines. While these
issues are less well known within the discipline of spatial
planning, there has been a recent growing awareness and interest.
As planners grapple with how to consider the vagaries of the real
world when putting together proposals for future development, they
question how complexity, complex systems and complexity theories
might prove useful with regard to spatial planning and the physical
environment. This book provides a readable overview, presenting and
relating a range of understandings and characteristics of
complexity and complex systems as they are relevant to planning. It
recognizes multiple, relational approaches of dynamic complexity
which enhance understandings of, and facilitate working with,
contingencies of place, time and the various participants'
behaviours. In doing so, it should contribute to a better
understanding of processes with regard to our physical and social
worlds.
This title was first published in 2000. Encouraging, even
requiring, higher density urban development is a major policy in
the European Community and of Agenda 21, and a central principle of
growth management programmes used by cities around the world. This
work takes a critical look at a number of claims made by proponents
of this initiative, seeking to answer whether indeed this strategy
controls the spread of urban suburbs into open lands, is acceptable
to residents, reduces trip lengths and encourages use of public
transit, improves efficiency in providing urban infrastructure and
services, and results in environmental improvements supporting
higher quality of life in cities.
In recent years, Dutch environmental policy has undergone some
pivotal changes, the most significant of which have been
decentralization and deregulation, encouraging local communities to
develop and deliver policies which are tailor-made to their
particular situation. These changes have led to the development of
some innovative practical instruments for aiding sustainable
environmental spatial policy. This book discusses these new
'methods for environmental externalities' and their significance in
the development and delivery of Dutch environmental policies,
particularly how they ensure that issues such as health and hygiene
are introduced in the early stages of spatial planning processes.
This book highlights the most prominent and relevant of these
innovative 'methods for environmental externalities' as well as
comparing them with some of the classic methods, and analysing
strengths and weaknesses. It argues that having such a broad and
varied choice of methods is the key to ensuring the impressive and
groundbreaking Dutch creativity in environmental management. In
conclusion, the book extrapolates current trends in environmental
policy, expresses likely and possible developments in 'methods for
environmental externalities' and shows how such methods can
contribute in our ongoing attempts to develop and deliver liveable,
pleasant and sustainable towns and cities.
Many of the key notions associated with spatial planning are
essentially 'fuzzy' in their nature. For example, while almost
everyone accepts 'sustainability' as an important goal of planning,
the actions of the actors involved can render the achieved
'sustainability' minimal, or even counterproductive. Putting
forward an innovative way of looking at planning problems and
policies, this volume suggests actor-consulting is important in
addressing the fuzzy nature of planning. A tool to address
differences in understanding, actor-consulting is based on an
analysis of actor motives, perceptions and contributions. By
inviting all actors to express their desired, actual and potential
contributions to achieving an agreed outcome to a local policy
issue, decision-makers have a means to develop their goals in line
with the roles, motivation, perception and behaviour of the various
actors involved. Including contributions from Patsy Healy, Johan
Woltjer, Don Miller and Karel Martens, the book presents a variety
of case studies which demonstrate the use of the actor-consulting
model in addressing planning issues.
Originally published in 1997, Urban Environmental Planning provides
a groundbreaking overview of innovative methods and techniques for
measuring and managing the environmental effects of urban land uses
on other urban activities. Fully revised and updated, this second
edition brings together a team of leading environmental planners
and policy makers from the US, UK, Europe and SE Asia to address
the central questions confronting sustainable urban development.
Typical questions include: How can you measure and manage the
negative environmental effects of intrusive urban activities such
as manufacturing and transport on sensitive land uses including
residential and recreational areas? Can a balance be found between
reducing these effects through means such as separating conflicting
land uses? While other sources identify the need for effective
programmes to improve urban environmental quality, this volume
describes and assesses analytical methods and implementing
programmes practised by leading communities around the world.
The Netherlands is one of the most prominent and innovative
countries in the field of environmental planning. Over the past
decade, its government has introduced such ground-breaking schemes
as Integrated Environmental Zoning, the City-Environment Project,
the Bubble Concept and Policy Concepts and new approaches to coping
with noise, odours, soil pollution, air pollution and safety
issues. These initiatives and policy tools reflect a rapidly
changing and decentralising environmental policy, which contrasts
with more conventional environmental ideologies. However, at
present little is known of these policies in the international
arena. De Roo shows how and why, in recent years, the country's
planning system has moved away from its traditional 'top-down'
structure. The resulting changes have had far-reaching consequences
for the traditional principles of Dutch environmental policy. In
addition, measures for compensating excessive environmental loads
are now open to discussion and environmental quality is a subject
of negotiation among stakeholders. All these developments mean that
environmental policy-making has become more closely integrated with
local initiatives that focus on general location-specific
qualities. In this book, this development is referred to as
'tailor-made comprehensive planning', which relates closely to the
local context, is area-specific, situation-dependent, and embraces
shared governance.
In recent years, Dutch environmental policy has undergone some
pivotal changes, the most significant of which have been
decentralization and deregulation, encouraging local communities to
develop and deliver policies which are tailor-made to their
particular situation. These changes have led to the development of
some innovative practical instruments for aiding sustainable
environmental spatial policy. This book discusses these new
'methods for environmental externalities' and their significance in
the development and delivery of Dutch environmental policies,
particularly how they ensure that issues such as health and hygiene
are introduced in the early stages of spatial planning processes.
This book highlights the most prominent and relevant of these
innovative 'methods for environmental externalities' as well as
comparing them with some of the classic methods, and analysing
strengths and weaknesses. It argues that having such a broad and
varied choice of methods is the key to ensuring the impressive and
groundbreaking Dutch creativity in environmental management. In
conclusion, the book extrapolates current trends in environmental
policy, expresses likely and possible developments in 'methods for
environmental externalities' and shows how such methods can
contribute in our ongoing attempts to develop and deliver liveable,
pleasant and sustainable towns and cities.
Spatial planning is about dealing with our 'everyday' environment.
In A Planner's Encounter with Complexity we present various
understandings of complexity and how the environment is considered
accordingly. One of these considerations is the environment as
subject to processes of continuous change, being either progressive
or destructive, evolving non-linearly and alternating between
stable and dynamic periods. If the environment that is subject to
change is adaptive, self-organizing, robust and flexible in
relation to this change, a process of evolution and co-evolution
can be expected. This understanding of an evolving environment is
not mainstream to every planner. However, in A Planner's Encounter
with Complexity, we argue that environments confronted with
discontinuous, non-linear evolving processes might be more real
than the idea that an environment is simply a planner's creation.
Above all, we argue that recognizing the 'complexity' of our
environment offers an entirely new perspective on our world and our
environment, on planning theory and practice, and on the raison
d'Atre of the planners that we are. A Planner's Encounter with
Complexity is organized into 17 chapters. It begins with the
interplay of planning and complexity from the perspective of
contemporary planning theory. It continues by critically assessing
planning theory and practice in the light of the interdisciplinary
debate regarding complexity thinking. As the book progresses, it
positions itself ever closer to the perspective of complexity
thinking, looking at the planning discipline 'from the outside in',
clarifying the facets of complexity and its importance in planning.
Finally, conceptual and theoretical developments towards more
applied examples are identified in order to see the interplay of
planning and complexity in practice. This book emphasizes the
importance of complexity in planning, clarifies many of the
concepts and theories, presents examples on planning and
complexity, and proposes new ideas and methods for planning.
Since Integrating City Planning and Environmental Improvement was
originally published in 1999, the practice of integrating urban
physical planning and environmental quality management has been
widely adopted by governments worldwide. Fully revised and updated
with a new preface by editors Donald Miller and Gert de Roo and new
figures throughout, this second edition reports on the experience
of 23 innovative programmes from 11 countries. Mostly written by
practicing planners and government officials, the book looks at a
wide range of integrated approaches which have been implemented and
the critical assessment of these provides lessons for local and
national governments interested in setting up similar schemes and
suggesting ways of further innovation. While the Rio Earth summit,
Habitat II and Kyoto have been a source of global principles for
improving the environmental quality of human settlements, this book
explores approaches to implement these policy positions and to make
these calls for action operational. Consequently, the presentation
of these cases deals not only with the technical aspects of
measuring and controlling environmental spillovers, but also with
the institutional, political and financial aspects of these
programmes.
The Netherlands is one of the most prominent and innovative
countries in the field of environmental planning. Since the 1990s,
its government has introduced such groundbreaking schemes as
Integrated Environmental Zoning, the City Environment Project and
the Bubble Concept, and new approaches to coping with noise,
odours, soil pollution, air pollution and safety issues. These
initiatives and policy tools reflect a rapidly changing and
decentralizing environmental policy, which contrasts with more
conventional environmental ideologies. However, at present, little
is know of these policies in the international arena. environmental
planning. He shows how and why the country's planning system has
moved away from its traditional top-down structure. The resulting
changes have had far-reaching consequences for the traditional
principles of Dutch Environmental policy. For example, contaminated
soil no longer has to be cleaned up completely and national noise
legislation is being dismantled in favour of local initiatives. In
addition, measures for compensating excessive environmental loads
are now open to discussion and environmental quality is a subject
of negotiation among stakeholders. Environmental issues are no
longer seen as issues that should be dealt with separately from
other issues. It is recognized that environmental issues are often
influenced by their local context and that policy must therefore be
formulated in coherence with other area-related issues. Shared
governance and participative decision-making are seen to be equally
important. closely integrated with local initiatives that focus on
general location-specific qualities. In this book, this development
is referred to as tailor-made comprehensive planning, which relates
closely to the local context, is area-specific, situation-dependent
and embraces shared governance. Despite the fact that these
developments in environmental planning in the Netherlands have
raised a number of difficult questions, they have also created many
interesting possibilities for dealing with environmental issues in
complex situations.
The Virtual and the Real in Planning and Urban Design:
Perspectives, Practices and Applicationsexplores the merging
relationship between physical and virtual spaces in planning and
urban design. Technological advances such as smart sensors,
interactive screens, locative media and evolving computation
software have impacted the ways in which people experience,
explore, interact with and create these complex spaces. This book
draws together a broad range of interdisciplinary researchers in
areas such as architecture, urban design, spatial planning,
geoinformation science, computer science and psychology to
introduce the theories, models, opportunities and uncertainties
involved in the interplay between virtual and physical spaces.
Using a wide range of international contributors, from the UK, USA,
Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands and Japan, it provides a
framework for assessing how new technology alters our perception of
physical space.
This book highlights recent developments in the field, presented at
the Social Simulation 2015 conference in Groningen, The
Netherlands. It covers advances both in applications and methods of
social simulation. Societal issues addressed range across
complexities in economic systems, opinion dynamics and civil
violence, changing mobility patterns, different land-use,
transition in the energy system, food production and consumption,
ecosystem management and historical processes. Methodological
developments cover how to use empirical data in validating models
in general, formalization of behavioral theory in agent behavior,
construction of artificial populations for experimentation,
replication of models, and agent-based models that can be run in a
web browser. Social simulation is a rapidly evolving field. Social
scientists are increasingly interested in social simulation as a
tool to tackle the complex non-linear dynamics of society.
Furthermore, the software and hardware tools available for social
simulation are becoming more and more powerful. This book is an
important source for readers interested in the newest developments
in the ways in which the simulation of social interaction
contributes to our understanding and managing of complex social
phenomena.
The Virtual and the Real in Planning and Urban Design:
Perspectives, Practices and Applicationsexplores the merging
relationship between physical and virtual spaces in planning and
urban design. Technological advances such as smart sensors,
interactive screens, locative media and evolving computation
software have impacted the ways in which people experience,
explore, interact with and create these complex spaces. This book
draws together a broad range of interdisciplinary researchers in
areas such as architecture, urban design, spatial planning,
geoinformation science, computer science and psychology to
introduce the theories, models, opportunities and uncertainties
involved in the interplay between virtual and physical spaces.
Using a wide range of international contributors, from the UK, USA,
Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands and Japan, it provides a
framework for assessing how new technology alters our perception of
physical space.
This book highlights recent developments in the field, presented at
the Social Simulation 2015 conference in Groningen, The
Netherlands. It covers advances both in applications and methods of
social simulation. Societal issues addressed range across
complexities in economic systems, opinion dynamics and civil
violence, changing mobility patterns, different land-use,
transition in the energy system, food production and consumption,
ecosystem management and historical processes. Methodological
developments cover how to use empirical data in validating models
in general, formalization of behavioral theory in agent behavior,
construction of artificial populations for experimentation,
replication of models, and agent-based models that can be run in a
web browser. Social simulation is a rapidly evolving field. Social
scientists are increasingly interested in social simulation as a
tool to tackle the complex non-linear dynamics of society.
Furthermore, the software and hardware tools available for social
simulation are becoming more and more powerful. This book is an
important source for readers interested in the newest developments
in the ways in which the simulation of social interaction
contributes to our understanding and managing of complex social
phenomena.
Since Integrating City Planning and Environmental Improvement was
originally published in 1999, the practice of integrating urban
physical planning and environmental quality management has been
widely adopted by governments worldwide. Fully revised and updated
with a new preface by editors Donald Miller and Gert de Roo and new
figures throughout, this second edition reports on the experience
of 23 innovative programmes from 11 countries. Mostly written by
practicing planners and government officials, the book looks at a
wide range of integrated approaches which have been implemented and
the critical assessment of these provides lessons for local and
national governments interested in setting up similar schemes and
suggesting ways of further innovation. While the Rio Earth summit,
Habitat II and Kyoto have been a source of global principles for
improving the environmental quality of human settlements, this book
explores approaches to implement these policy positions and to make
these calls for action operational. Consequently, the presentation
of these cases deals not only with the technical aspects of
measuring and controlling environmental spillovers, but also with
the institutional, political and financial aspects of these
programmes.
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