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Plant biomass plays an important role in sustaining environment and
life including human life on earth. This book covers biomass
modification to facilitate the industrial degradation processing
and other characteristics of feedstock's and new technologies for
the conversion of lignocelluloses into biofuels and other products.
The book will appeal to a broad range of energy professionals and
specialists, farmers and foresters who are searching for methods of
selecting, growing, and converting energy crops, entrepreneurs who
are commercializing biomass energy.
Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and
a soil conditioner in agriculture. This book explains how to use
such organic fertilizers as compost, green sand, mulch, bone meal,
and green manure to keep soil healthy with some real examples
extending the concepts in organic fertilizers that may stimulate
new research ideas and trends in the relevant fields. This book
will be of use and interest to consultants, researchers, libraries,
and entrepreneurs, manufacturers of bio-fertilizer and for those
who wants to endeavor in to this field.
Dyes and Pigments examines various aspects of dyes including an
extensive historical overview of dyes and pigments. It includes
definitions of dyes, pigments and their varieties. Further, it
comprise overview of dyeing and dyeing technologies. Provides the
reader with insights into the development of its history, so as to
understand dyes and pigments better and why some dyes and pigments
are better hazard to environment.
Life is a practical version of Hazard Potential of Chemical
Residuals in Food. It provides the basic knowledge in the field of
science, no matter where you are standing- in an office, in a
bedroom, in an office, or in a field the knowledge about the food
you eat is most important. You are observing the manifestation of
Food exposed to other materials in one way or in the other way. The
subject of hazard potential of chemicals has developed and studied
by different points of view in the recent past. It is a rigorous
and demanding subject. It is informative for all the individuals,
irrespective of their field of study, consideration, perspective
about food. In this Textbook, I have tried to introduce hazard
potential of materials exposed to food, in such a way as to
stimulate an interest and inculcate an understanding of the
subject. This book has been written with a mechanistic approach to
making the subject matter more clear, interesting and
understandable. It covers the subject matter ranging from basics
through the complete illustration about the mean theme of life. I
have organized the subject matter of this Textbook in a
chronological order to best suit your requirements. Each new
chapter builds on the foundation laid in the preceding chapters so
that when you start with any chapter you find yourself already
prepared for the information as well as knowledge. I have tried to
cover maximum material in a chapter, yet keeping its length
manageable. Hazard potential of chemical residuals in food is
mostly based upon the chemicals exposed to food directly and is,
therefore, a pre-requisite to the understanding of hazard potential
of chemical residuals in food. An understanding of hazards, source
of hazards, effects of hazards and ultimate risks to food safety
are therefore discussed in the very first chapter of this book
followed by the migration of chemicals exposed to food (Chapter 2)
that are very helpful in explaining the migration of chemicals by
different food packaging materials to the food. Types of migration
of chemicals to food are very important in explaining the migration
of different chemicals by different sources. Therefore, a full
chapter has been given to the packaging materials (Chapter 7) which
is discussed after the exposure of food with artificial chemical
residuals and natural chemical residuals because these chemicals
provide useful basics and illustrations to explain various
packaging materials. Although the chemicals in food or in contact
with food are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4, the formal
introduction to food industries was postponed till Chapter 8 in
which various food industries are discussed. In chapter 5 the
evaluation of sensory properties of food has been discussed, and in
chapter 6 cleaning and disinfection importance in food processing
is explained. The legislations on food contact materials and
chemicals in contact with food are discussed in chapter 9 which is
followed by one more chapter that is the last chapter of the book
Chapter 10 named as prevention from the hazard. The general
description of the chapter and basic knowledge about each chapter
is given at the starting of every chapter because it has been found
to be an effective way of recognizing the basics about that certain
chapter. The ending of each chapter is by the best way to close the
chapter and comprehension of the subject attained through study of
the chapter. Answers to some questions can be found directly in the
text, whereas the other will require some more efforts by reading
the text carefully. However, the readers will be able to answer all
the questions if they have acquired the comprehension of the
subject matter given in the text. Detailed contents, in the
beginning, provide the reader with a ready reference to the desired
subject matter. Important terms are in bold face and their
definition or explanations are given to make the text as clear as
possible. I have used my experience gained by discussions spread
over several years to present this job in a simple, systematic,
lucid and logical way. I have given an up-to-date account of the
subject within the framework of this Textbook. Primarily this book
has been written for the graduate students.
Chemical fertilizers are widely used with the purpose to enhance
output in various product varieties in agriculture. As, chemical
fertilizers are the biggest reason of posing pollution to the water
bodies, ground water, and also bioaccumulates in crops hence badly
destroying ecological cycles. Therefore, modern scientists are
focusing to switch completely from chemical farming to organic
farming in order to encourage sustainable agriculture. In organic
farming crops are not polluted as they rose through use of manures,
biofertilizers and biopesticides which not only provides optimum
nutrients to plants but also keep pests and pathogens in control.
Biofertilizers are actually "microorganisms which bring roughly
nutrient enrichment of soil through enhancing the availability of
nutrients to plant crops". These micro-organisms who exhibit the
ability to act as bio-fertilizers are the bacteria, cyanobacteria
and mycorrhizal fungi. Biofertilizers provides considerable potent
benefits to agriculture as well as public health programmes. Both
developing and developed countries have a vast potential for
biofertilizers. However, their adoption by farmers especially in
developing countries needs education for maximizing benefits. The
stress on organic farming as well as on residue free materials
would certainly merit enhanced adoption of biofungicides by the
farmers. The use of fungicides reduces crop productivity loss
because the chemically synthesized pesticides are no doubt quick in
their effect but on the other hand they cause so many environmental
and health just as revival of new pests, fungal resistance, loss of
soil fertility and persistence of toxic substances when they are
consumed by animals and humans. All these problems call for an
eco-friendly and sustainable approach in order to decrease the
usage and dependence of chemically synthesized fertilizers and
pesticides. Similarly, there are so many natural fungicides that
can be best alternatives to control fungi and enhancing plant life.
Thus, the purpose of this book is to provide that knowledge about
recent advancements in the emerging fields of Biofertilizers and
Biofungicides as both of them are considered to be ecofriendly as
well as sustainable substitutes to chemical fertilizers and
fungicides respectively. Chapter 1- 10 discusses all aspects of
biofertilizers with special focus on recent advances in this
technology while Chapter 11- 14 are about Biofungicides, their
applications and recent advances in this field of organic farming.
Air pollution is broad term applied to chemical, physical or any
other agent that modifies the natural characteristics of our
atmosphere. The atmosphere is advanced and dynamic natural gaseous
system that is necessary to support life on earth. World has faced
many air pollution disasters as the skies over Donora, a city of
Pennsylvania, turned black in 1948. This severe darkness last for
five days straight. Town and its residents were surrounded by
dangerous clouds of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide as well as
metallic dust pollution. This huge black cloud was due to the
hazardous pollution from a nearby steel plant as well as zinc
smelter in the valley. This also causes a "burning sensation" to
the throat, nose as well as the eyes of local residents in the town
and the residents also suffered too many other health problems.
This disaster leads to the death of 20 people as well. The numbers
were worse in different parts of the world, especially developing
countries, where air pollution leads to 4-7 million premature
deaths. The air pollution disaster of Bhopal India took thousands
of live and its effects still occurs even after decades. It is the
time when people around the world realized the need to take the
problem of air pollution seriously. With time different sources of
air pollution were highlighted. Finally in 21st century the issue
of air pollution especially the toxicology of air pollutants has
been given full consideration and has been adopted as challenge.
The toxicology which is related to various air pollutants has
already been evolved since last 60 years of attention. Customarily
it is thought that it is all about exposure-dose-effect as an
important optimal model but advancements in the science of
toxicology have suggested that the complication of interactions may
also occur at the biological domains, for instance, the loss of
compensation as well as sensitization to consequent challenges with
the same or another toxicant or perhaps just a nonspecific stressor
whose threshold of response may have been lowered. In spite of, the
future air pollution toxicologist will need to adopt conventional
as well as cutting-edge technology as a tool in order to introduce
novel and sustainable study designs capable of dissecting the
complexity of the biological system itself as well, as that of the
air pollution in all its diverse forms. Inhalation of such toxic
air pollutants can enhance chances of facing health problems. This
book contains 14 chapters which deal with the Toxicology of Air
Pollutants in detail including their sources, their effects on
health and environment, other effects, laws, rules and regulation
as well as measures that may be taken.
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