A Markov Decision Process (MDP) is a natural framework for formulating sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty. In recent years, researchers have greatly advanced algorithms for learning and acting in MDPs. This book reviews such algorithms, beginning with well-known dynamic programming methods for solving MDPs such as policy iteration and value iteration, then describes approximate dynamic programming methods such as trajectory based value iteration, and finally moves to reinforcement learning methods such as Q-Learning, SARSA, and least-squares policy iteration. It describes algorithms in a unified framework, giving pseudocode together with memory and iteration complexity analysis for each. Empirical evaluations of these techniques, with four representations across four domains, provide insight into how these algorithms perform with various feature sets in terms of running time and performance. This tutorial provides practical guidance for researchers seeking to extend DP and RL techniques to larger domains through linear value function approximation. The practical algorithms and empirical successes outlined also form a guide for practitioners trying to weigh computational costs, accuracy requirements, and representational concerns. Decision making in large domains will always be challenging, but with the tools presented here this challenge is not insurmountable.

An introduction to decision making under uncertainty from a computational perspective, covering both theory and applications ranging from speech recognition to airborne collision avoidance. Many important problems involve decision making under uncertainty-that is, choosing actions based on often imperfect observations, with unknown outcomes. Designers of automated decision support systems must take into account the various sources of uncertainty while balancing the multiple objectives of the system. This book provides an introduction to the challenges of decision making under uncertainty from a computational perspective. It presents both the theory behind decision making models and algorithms and a collection of example applications that range from speech recognition to aircraft collision avoidance. Focusing on two methods for designing decision agents, planning and reinforcement learning, the book covers probabilistic models, introducing Bayesian networks as a graphical model that captures probabilistic relationships between variables; utility theory as a framework for understanding optimal decision making under uncertainty; Markov decision processes as a method for modeling sequential problems; model uncertainty; state uncertainty; and cooperative decision making involving multiple interacting agents. A series of applications shows how the theoretical concepts can be applied to systems for attribute-based person search, speech applications, collision avoidance, and unmanned aircraft persistent surveillance. Decision Making Under Uncertainty unifies research from different communities using consistent notation, and is accessible to students and researchers across engineering disciplines who have some prior exposure to probability theory and calculus. It can be used as a text for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in fields including computer science, aerospace and electrical engineering, and management science. It will also be a valuable professional reference for researchers in a variety of disciplines.