Bakken addresses important issues of constitutional history in the context of a seminal period in the history of the American West. He describes the challenges which faced the participants in eight Western constitutional conventions. His analysis answers questions of how consensus was reached and how that consensus reflected the compromise between the particular needs of the states and fundamental principles. Bakken outlines the issues of public policy which the constitution makers faced: issues ranging from resource allocation and taxation to the role of corporations in the community. He also explains how the delegates attempted to express the values of their constituencies while striving to define the concept of the public good.

The World of the American West is an innovative collection of original essays that brings the world of the American West to life, and conveys the distinctiveness of this diverse, constantly changing region. Twenty scholars incorporate the freshest research in the field to take the history of the American West out of its timeworn "Cowboys and Indians" stereotype right up into the major issues being discussed today, from water rights to the presence of the defense industry. Other topics covered in this heavily illustrated, highly accessible volume include the effects of leisure and tourism, western women, politics and politicians, Native Americans in the twentieth century, and of course, oil. With insight both informative and unexpected, The World of the American West offers perspectives on the latest developments affecting the modern American West, providing essential reading for all scholars and students of the field so that they may better understand the vibrant history of this globally significant, ever-evolving region of North America.

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--THE MIDWEST BOOK REVIEW

American women have followed their "manifest destiny" since the 1800's, moving West to homestead, found businesses, author novels and write poetry, practice medicine and law, preach and perform missionary work, become educators, artists, judges, civil rights activists, and many other important roles spurred on by their strength, spirit, and determination.

Encyclopedia of Women of the American West captures the lives of more than 150 women who made their mark from the mid-1800s to the present, contextualizing their experiences and contributions to American society.

Including many women profiled for the first time, the encyclopedia offers immense value and interest to practicing historians as well as students and the lay public.

Cowgirls, ranchers, authors, poets, artists, judges, doctors, educators, and reformers--although these women took many different paths, they are united in their role in history, fighting not only for women's rights, but equal rights for all in this rich and promised land.

The Encyclopedia of Women in the American West chronicles the work of Native American activists such as Mildred Imach Cleghorn, and Sarah Winnemucca, the champion of rights of indigenous peoples who established Nevada's first school for Native Americans in 1884.

The encyclopedia also explores the stories of early ranchers. Among them is Freda Ehmann, who founded the California Ripe Olive Association where, according to her grandson, "science and chemical exactness failed, the experience and care of a skillful and conscientious housewife succeeded."

Women in the American West have long thrived in the arts. This is evidenced by the work of authors such as Pulitzer Prize winner Willa Cather, Amy Tan, and Linda Hasselstrom, poets such as Hildegarde Flanner, and journalist Molly Ivins. All are profiled in this comprehensive work.

The arts are used to address both aesthetic and serious societal issues such as Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior, the story of a woman's struggle with identity as a minority in American culture. Academics will appreciate a study of Ruth Underhill's Autobiography of a Papago Woman, which deals with the role of feminist ideology in changing the discipline of anthropology during the first part of the twentieth century.

Women in the American West have also achieved many "firsts" such as Utah's Ivy Baker Priest, the first woman to hold the office of Treasurer of the United States, and Georgia Bullock, the first woman judge in the State of California.

The Encyclopedia of Women in the American West covers nine diverse topical categories:

• Agriculture/Ranching
• Arts and Letters
• Education
• Entrepreneurs
• Law
• Pioneers
• Public Performance
• Religion
• Women's organizations

The West is often portrayed as a rough and tumble man's world, but behind these men--and often independently--were women with the dreams, strength, and determination to make a difference. The Encyclopedia of Women in the American West is a tribute to their independence, intelligence, courage, spirit, perseverance, and daring.

• Authoritative and in-depth articles on a wide range of salient issues in women's history
• Suggested readings and interpretive materials for every entry
• Bridges two perennially popular areas of academic and lay interest: the American West and women's history
• Developed and priced to appeal to high school and public libraries as well as academic libraries

Public, school, academic, special, and private/corporate

The World of the American West is an innovative collection of original essays that brings the world of the American West to life, and conveys the distinctiveness of this diverse, constantly changing region. Twenty scholars incorporate the freshest research in the field to take the history of the American West out of its timeworn "Cowboys and Indians" stereotype right up into the major issues being discussed today, from water rights to the presence of the defense industry. Other topics covered in this heavily illustrated, highly accessible volume include the effects of leisure and tourism, western women, politics and politicians, Native Americans in the twentieth century, and of course, oil. With insight both informative and unexpected, The World of the American West offers perspectives on the latest developments affecting the modern American West, providing essential reading for all scholars and students of the field so that they may better understand the vibrant history of this globally significant, ever-evolving region of North America.

Contents:
1. White, Richard American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field, Pacific Historiacal Review 54 [1985]
2. Pisani, Donald J Deep and Troubled Waters: A New Field of Western History?, New Mexico Historical Review 63 [1988]
3. Hundley, Jr., Norris Water and the West in Historical Imagination, Western History Quarterly 27 [1996]
4. Pisani, Donald J State v. Nation: Federal Reclamation and Water Rights in the Progressive Era, Pacific Historical Review 51 [1982]
5. Bunting, Robert The Environment and Settler Society in Western Oregon, Pacific Historical Review 64 [1995]
6. Dunlap, Thomas American Wildlife Policy and Environmental Ideology: Poisoning Coyote, 1939-1972, Pacific Historical Review 55 [1986]
7.Rohe, Randall Man and the Land: Mining Impact in the Far West, Arizona and the West 28 [1986]
8. Bakken, Gordon Morris Was There Arsenic In the Air? Montana 41 [1991]
9. Bakken, Gordon Morris American Mining Law and the Environment: The Western Experience, Western Legal History 1 [1988]
10. Huggard, Christopher J Mining and the Environment: The Clean Air Issue in New Mexico, 1960-1980, New Mexico Historical Review 69 [1994]
11. Alexander, Thomas G From Rule of Thumb to Scientific Range Management: The Case of the Intermountain Region of the Forest Service, Western Historical Quarterly 18 [1987]
12. Harvey, Mark W T Echo Park, Glen Canyon and the Postwar Wilderness, Pacific Historical Review 60 [1991]
13. Cowdrey, Albert W Pioneering Environmental Law: The Army Corps of Engineers and the Refuse Act, Pacific Historical Review 44 [1975]
14. Orsi, Richard J Railroads and Water in the Arid Far West: The Southern Pacific Company as a Pioneer Water Developer, California History 70 [1991]
15. Orsi, Richard J Restoring the Common to the Goose: Citizen Activism and the Protection of the Californian Coastline, 1964-1982, Southern California Quarterly 278 [1996]

Contents:
1. Nugent, Walter Where is the American West?, Montana 42 [1992]
2. Limerick, Patricia Nelson Disorientation and Reorientation: The American Landscape Discovered from the West, Journal of American History 79 [1992]
3. Steiner, Michael From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History, Pacific Historical Review 64 [1995]
4. Aron, Stephen Lessons in Conquest: Towards A Greater Western History, Pacific Historical Review 63 [1994]
5. Riley, Glenda Writing, Teaching and Revealing Wester Historythrough intersections and Viewpoints, Pacific Historical Review [1993]
6. Ridge, Martin The American West: From Frontier to Region, New Mexico Historical Review 64 [1989]
7. Flores, Dan The Rocky Mountain West: Fragile Space, Diverse Place, Montana 45 [1995]
8. Wrobel, David M The View from Philadelphia, Pacific Historical Review 67 [1998]
9. Hyde, Anne F Nothing New Under the Sun: Continuities in the West, Pacific Historical Review 67 [1998]
10. Scharff, Virginia Honey, I Shrunk the West, Pacific Historical Review 67 [1998]
11. Malone, Michael P Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward A New Approach to Western American History, Western Historical Quarterly 20 [1989]
12. Boag, Peter G Overlanders and the Snake River Region: A Case Study of Popular Landscape Perception in the Early West, Pacific Northwest Quarterly 84 [1993]
13. Nash, Gerald D European Images of America, Montana 42 [1992]
14. Worster, Donald New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History, Western Historical Quarterly 18 [1987]

Contents:
1. Armitage, Susan Women and Men in Western History: A Stereoptical Vision, Western Historical Quarterly 16 [1985]
2. Castaneda, Antonio I Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics and Decolonization of History, Pacific Historical Review 61 [1992]
3. Scharff,Virginia Else Surely We Shall All Hang Separately: The Politics of Western Women's History, Pacific Historical Review 61 [1991]
4. deGraff, Lawrence B Race, Sex, Religion: Black Women in the American West, 1850-1920, Pacific Historical Review 49 [1980]
5. Wunder, John R What's Old About the New Western History:Race and Gender, Part 1, Pacific Northwest Quarterly 85 [1994] 6. Riley, Glenda American daughters: Black Women in the West, Montana 38 [1988]
7. Deutsch, Sarah Women and Intercultural Relations: The Case of Hispanic New Mexico and Colorado, Signs^n 12 [1987]
8. Fellman, Anita Clair Laura Ingalls Wilder and Rose Wilder Lane: The Politics of a Mother-Daughter Relationship, Signs 15 [1990]
9. Jameson, Elizabeth Toward A Multicultural History of Women in the Western United States, Signs 13 [1988]
10. Gullet, Gayle Women Progressives and the Politics of Americanization in California, 1915-1920, Pacific Historical Review 64 [1995]
11. Anderson, Karen Work, Gender and Power in the American West, Pacific Historical Review 61 [1992]
12. Smith, Sherry L Single Women Homesteaders: The Perplexing Case of Elinor Pruitt Stewart, Western Historical Quarterly 22 [1991]
13. Castenada, Antonia Engendering the History of Alta, California, 1769-1848, California History 76 [1997]
14. Mercier, Laurie K We Are Women Irish: gender, Class, Religion and Ethnic Identity in Anaconda, Montana, Montana 44 [1994]
15. Ichioka,Yuji Amerika Madeshiko: Japanese Immigrant Women in the United States, 1900-1924, Pacific Historical Review 49 [1980]
16. Gordon, Sara Barringer The Liberty of Self-Degradation: Polygamy, Woman Suffrage and Consent in Nineteenth Century America, Journal of American History 83 [1996]
17. Bakken, Gordon Morris Constitutional Convention Debates in the West: Racism, Religion and Gender, Western Legal History 3 [1990]

Contents:
1.Luckingham, Bradford The American Southwest: An Urban View, Western Historical Quarterly 15 [1984]
2. Abbott, Carl Regional City and Network City: Portland and Seattle in the Twentieth Century, Western Historical Quarterly 23 [1992]
3. Lotchin, Roger W California Cities and the Hurricane of Change: World War II in the San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego Metropolitan Areas, Pacific Historical Review 63 [1994]
4. Abbott, Carl The Urban West and the Twenty-first Century, Montana 43 [1993]
5. Cherney, Robert W City Commercial, City Beautiful, City Practical: The San Francisco Visions of William C Ralsten, James D Phelan and Michael M O'Shaugnessy, California History 53 [1994/5]
6. Barth, Gunther Demopiety: Speculations on Urban Beauty, Western Scenery and the Discovery of the American Cityscape, Pacific Historical Review 52 [1983]
7. Lotchin, Roger W World War II and Urban California: City Planning and the Transformation Hypothesis, Pacific Historical Review 62 [1993]
8. Luebke, Frederick C Ethnic Group Settlement on the Great Plains, Western Historical Quarterly 8 [1977]
9. Philp, Kenneth R Stride Toward Freedom: The Relocation of Indians to Cities, 1952-1960, Western Historical Quarterly 16 [1985]
10. West, Elliot Heathers and Angels: Childhood in the Rocky Mountain Mining Towns, Western Historical Quarterly 14 [1983]
11. Shoemaker, Nancy Urban Indians and Ethnic Choices: American Indian Organizations in Minneapolis, 1920-1950, Western Historical Quarterly 19 [1988]
12. Rydell, Robert W Visions of Empire: International Expositions in Portland and Seattle, 1905-1909, Pacific Historical Review 52 [1983]
13. Davis, Clark From Oasis to Metropolis: Southern California and the Changing Context of American Leisure, Pacific Historical Review 61 [1992]

Contents:
1. Martin, Calvin Ethnohistory: A Better Way to Write Indian History, Western Historical Quarterly 9 [1978]
2. White, Richard The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Journal of American History 65 [1978]
3. Reid, John Phillip Restraints of Vengeance: Retaliation-in-Kind and the Use of Indian Law in Old Oregon Country, Oregon Historical Quarterly 95 [1994]
4. Riley, Glenda Frontierswomen's changing Views of Indians in the Trans-Mississippi West, Montana 34 [1984]
5. Simmons, William S Indian Peoples of California, California History 76 [1997]
6. Asher, Brad Their Own Domestic Difficulties: Intra-Indian Crime and White Law in Western Washington Territory, 1873-1889, Western Historical Quarterly 27 [1996]
7. deGraff, Lawrence B Recognition, Racism and Reflections on the Writing of Western Black History, Pacific Historical Review 44 [1975]
8. Taylor, Quintard Blacks and Asians in A White City: Japanese Americans and African Americans in Seattle, 1890-1940, Western Historical Quarterly [1991]
9. Butler, Anne M Still in Chains: Black Women in Western Prisons, 1865-1910, Western Historical Quarterly 20 [1989]
10. Haywood, C Robert No Less A Man: Blacks in Cow Town Dodge City, 1876-1886, Western Historical Quarterly 19 [1988]
11. Zhu, Liping Chinaman's Chance on the Rocky Mountain Frontier, Montana 45 [1995]
12. Culley, John J World War II and a Western Town: The Internement of Japanese Railroad Workers of Clovis, New Mexico, Western Historical Quarterly 13 [1982]
13. Hurtado, Albert L Hardly A Farmhouse - A Kitchen Without Them: Indian and White Households on the California Borderland Frontier in 1860, Western Historical Quarterly 13 [1982]
14. Gonzalez, Gilbert G and Raul Fernandez Chicano History: Transcending Cultural Models, Pacific Historical Review 63 [1994]
15. Woolsey, Ronald C Rites at Passage? Anglo and Mexican-America Contrasts in a Time of Change: Los Angeles 1860-1870, Southern California Quarterly 69 [1987]
16. Underwood, Grant Re-visioning Mormon History, Pacific Historical Review 55 [1986]

Contents:
1. Wunder, John R What's Old About the New Western History? Part 3: Law, Western Legal History 10 [1997]
2. Reid, John Phillip Some Lessons of Western Legal History, Western Legal History 1 [1988]
3. Wunder, John R Chinese in Trouble: Criminal Law and Race on the Trans-Mississippi Frontier, Western Historical Quarterly 17 [1986] 4. Fritz, Christian G Popular Sovereignty, Vigilantism, and the Constitutional Right of Revolution, Pacific Historical Review 63 [1994]^l 5. Woolsey, Ronald C Crime and Punishment: Los Angeles County, 1850-1856, Southern California Quarterly 61 [1979]
6. Dale, Lyle A Rough Justice: Felony Crime and the Superior Court in San Luis Obispo County, 1880-1910, Southern California Quarterly 76 [1994]
7. Stanley, John J Bearers of the Burden: Justices of the Peace, Their Courts and the Law, in Orange County, California, 1870-1907, Western Legal History 5 [1992]
8. Wunder, John R The Chinese and the Courts in the Pacific Northwest: Justice Denied? Pacific Historical Review 52 [1983] 9. Pisani, Donald J Enterprise and Equity: A Critique of Western Water Law in the Nineteenth Century, Western Historical Quarterly 18 [1982]
10. Ebright, Malcolm The San Joaquin Grant: Who Owned the Common Lands? A Historical-Legal Puzzle, New Mexico Historical Review 57 [1982]
11.Salyer, Lucy Captives of Law: Judicial Enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1891-1905, Journal of American History 76 [1989]
12. McKnight, Joseph W Protection of the Family Home from Seizure by Creditors: The Sources and Evolution of a Legal Principle, Southwestern Historical Quarterly 86 [1983]
13. Bakken, Gordon Morris Law and Legal Tender in the West, Southern California Quarterly 62 [1980]
14. Bakken, Gordon Morris The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890 Part I:1850-1866, Southern California Quarterly 63 [1981]
15. Bakken, Gordon Morris The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890 Part II:1867-1880,Southern California Quarterly 63 [1981]
16. Bakken, Gordon Morris The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890 Part III:1880-1890, Southern California Quarterly 63 [1981]
17. Schuele, Donna C Community Property Law and the Politics of Married Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century California, Western Legal History 7 [1994]
18. Petrik, Paula Send the Bird and Cage: The Development of Divorce Law in Wyoming,1868-1900, Western Legal History 6 [1993]

This is a thought-provoking exploration of the development of civil law in California from 1850 to 1890. Focusing upon contract, landlord and tenant, mortgage, tort, and admiralty law, Bakken argues that the formulation of the law generally responded to socioeconomic forces. He also asserts that on the operational level, the law's reach was limited by ambiguities, judicial inexactitude, and mistakes made by the bar. Essentially, the broad policy goals of frontier law worked to stimulate marketplace forces by facilitating certain transactions. Entrepreneurs often received the aid of the developing law, but were frustrated by it at other times. Bakken scrutinizes the role of judges, legislators, lawyers, and laymen in contributing to this process. Finally, he demonstrates that the law was less certain and the policy considerations less clear when the law actually functioned on an operational level in society.

Mary Bennett Love had a physicality exceeded only by her personality. Six feet tall and over 300 pounds, Love was anything but shackled by the mores of her day. In the 1840s, she moved west from Arkansas via the Oregon Trail. A few years later, she separated from her husband and took her six minor children to Santa Clara, where she acquired a Mexican land grant by forging an adult son's signature. Though illiterate, she knew the law thoroughly and used it to her advantage. No sooner had the American military invaded California than Mary squatted on public lands and engaged in dozens of lawsuits to advance her interests. Her love life was no less tumultuous. Harry Love, her second husband and slayer of Mexican bandit Joaquin Murrieta, died at her bodyguard's hands. Quite Contrary is the first book to focus on Mary Bennett Love. Aside from making for an entertaining story, she is representative of the relationship people had with the law in pre-Gold Rush California. Furthermore, her economic success demonstrates the often self-imposed notions of true womanhood - which Mary ignored, paving the way for future female entrepreneurs.

The period 1870-1958 was revolutionary in the lives of women. Society's shifting perceptions of women and their role were apparent in the courtroom. Women Who Kill Men analyses eighteen sensational cases of women on trial for murder in this period to identify the intersections of media, law, and gender in California. The fascinating details of these murder trials, documented in court records and embellished newspaper coverage, mirrored the changing public image of women. Most women and their attorneys relied on gendered stereotypes and language to create their defence and sometimes to leverage their status in a patriarchal system. Those who could successfully dress and act the part of the victim were most often able to win the sympathy of the jury. Gender mattered. And though the norms shifted over time, the press, attorneys, and juries were all informed by contemporary gender stereotypes.

In 1916, in the tiny West Texas town of Benjamin, a gunman slips into a courtroom and murders the defendant. In 1912, in Fort Worth's finest hotel, a young man kills an old gentleman in cold blood in the middle of the lobby. The verdict in both of these murderers' trials? Not guilty. The explanation? "This is Texas." Laws passed by politicians in far-off Austin meant little to Westerners living on the Texas frontier. Sagebrush justice relied less on written statutes than on common sense, grass-roots fairness, and vague notions of folk law drawn from the Old South's Victorian code of chivalry and honor. In this very different time and place, a murderer might go free based on the following reasoning: "The son-of-a-gun is guilty all right, but we must turn him loose. He owes me for a pair of boots, and if we convict him I'll never get my money." Inexperienced prosecutors, a lack of modern crime-detection methods, unavailability of witnesses, an acceptance of violence in society, and a laissez-faire attitude toward trial tactics all conspired to make guilty verdicts a rarity. In this first volume of a planned trilogy, Neal presents the evidence that shows how easy some folks found it to evade justice in the frontier West. CONTENTS The Unlikely Saviors of Thomas J. Fulcher - The 1896 Wichita Falls Bank Robbery - The 1890s Wells Fargo Murder Trials - Pardon Me, Please - More Scandalous Adventures of the Isaacs Family - Murder and Mayhem in the Knox County Courthouse - Strychnine in the Bride's Flour - . . . And the Perpetrator Walked

In "Practicing Law in Frontier California" Gordon Morris Bakken combines collective biography with an analysis of the function of the bar in a rapidly changing socioeconomic setting. Drawing on manuscript collections, Bakken considers hundreds of men and women who came to California to practice law during the gold rush and later, their reasons for coming, their training, and their usefulness to clients during a period of rapid population growth and social turmoil. He shows how law practice changed over the decades with the establishment of large firms and bar associations, how the state's boom-and-bust economy made debt collection the lawyer's bread and butter, and how personal injury and criminal cases and questions of property rights were handled. In Bakken's book frontier lawyers become complex human beings, contributing to and protecting the social and economic fabric of society, expanding their public roles even as their professional expertise becomes more narrowly specialized.

Although the United States is a nation founded by immigrants, Alberto Gonzales and David Strange believe that national immigration policy and enforcement over the past thirty years has been inadequate. This failure by federal leaders has resulted in a widespread introduction of state immigration laws across the country. Gonzales and Strange assert that the solution to current immigration challenges is reform of federal immigration laws, including common sense border control, tougher workplace enforcement, minor (but significant) changes to the Immigration and Nationality Act, and a revised visa process that discourages overstaying the duration of a visa. Gonzales and Strange embrace many provisions of current pending legislation, but are sharply critical of others. Their proposals call for an expansion of the grounds of inadmissibility to foster greater respect of law and to address the problem of visa overstays, while also calling for a restriction on grounds of inadmissibility in other areas to address the large undocumented population and increasing humanitarian crisis. They explore nationality versus citizenship and introduce a pathway to nationality as an alternative to a pathway to citizenship. This immigration policy blueprint examines the political landscape in Washington and makes the argument that progress will require compromise and the discipline to act with compassion and respect. Most significantly, it illuminates how following this blueprint can enhance national security and improve the economy in the United States in ways that is consistent with the rule of law.

In this volume, Gordon Morris Bakken traces the distinctive development of western legal history. The contributors' essays provide succinct descriptions of major cases, legislation, and individual western states' constitutional provisions that are unique in the American legal system. To assist the reader, the volume is organized by subject, including natural resources, municipal authority, business regulation, American Indian sovereignty and water rights, women, and Mormons.

Contributors are: Roy H. Andes, Dana Blakemore, Richard Griswold del Castillo, Susan Badger Doyle, James W. Ely, Jr., Brenda Gail Farrington, Dale D. Goble, Neil Greenwood, Vanessa Gunther, Louise A Halper, Claudia Hess, Kenneth Hough, Paul Kens, Shenandoah Grant Lynd, Thomas C. Mackey, Nicholas George Malavis, Timothy Miller, Danelle Moon, Andrew P. Morriss, Keith Pacholl, Laurie Caroline Pintar, Michael A. Powell, Ion Puschilla, Emily Rader, Peter L. Reich, John Phillip Reid, Lucy E. Salyer, Susan Sanchez, Janet Schmelzer, Howard Shorr, Paul Reed Spitzzeri, John Joseph Stanley, Donald L. Stelluto, Jr., Timothy A. Strand, Imre Sutton, Nancy J. Taniguchi, and Lonnie Wilson.

History has left us a classic image of western mining in the grizzly forty-niner squatting by a clear stream sifting through gravel to reveal gold. What this slice of Western Americana does not reveal, however, is thousands of miners doing the same, their gravel washing downstream, causing the water to grow dark with debris while trout choke to death and wash ashore. Instead of the havoc wreaked upon the western landscape, we are told stories of American enterprise, ingenuity, and fortune. The General Mining Act of 1872, which declared all valuable mineral deposits on public lands to be free and open to exploration and purchase, has had a controversial impact on the western environment as, under the protection of federal law, various twentieth-century entrepreneurs have manipulated it in order to dump waste, cut timber, create resorts, and engage in a host of other activities damaging to the environment. In this in-depth analysis, legal historian Gordon Morris Bakken traces the roots of the mining law and details the way its unintended consequences have shaped western legal thought from Nome to Tombstone and how it has informed much of the lore of the settlement of the West.