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In this landmark volume, Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane lay
out a meticulously researched case showing how - in a time of
spiraling inequality - strategically targeted interventions and
supports can help schools significantly improve the life chances of
low-income children. The authors offer a brilliant synthesis of
recent research on inequality and its effects on families,
children, and schools. They describe the interplay of social and
economic factors that has made it increasingly hard for schools to
counteract the effects of inequality and that has created a
widening wedge between low- and high-income students. Restoring
Opportunity provides detailed portraits of proven initiatives that
are transforming the lives of low-income children from
prekindergarten through high school. All of these programmes are
research-tested and have demonstrated sustained effectiveness over
time and at significant scale. Together, they offer a powerful
vision of what good instruction in effective schools can look like.
The authors conclude by outlining the elements of a new agenda for
education reform. Restoring Opportunity is a crowning contribution
from these two leading economists in the field of education and a
passionate call to action on behalf of the young people on whom our
nation's future depends.
One in five American children now live in families with incomes
below the povertyline, and their prospects are not bright. Low
income is statistically linked with a variety of poor outcomes for
children, from low birth weight and poor nutrition in infancy to
increased chances of academic failure, emotional distress, and
unwed childbirth in adolescence. To address these problems it is
not enough to know that money makes a difference; we need to
understand how. Consequences of Growing Up Poor is an extensive and
illuminating examination of the paths through which economic
deprivation damages children at all stages of their development. In
Consequences of Growing Up Poor, developmental psychologists,
economists, and sociologists revisit a large body of studies to
answer specific questions about how low income puts children at
risk intellectually, emotionally, and physically. Many of their
investigations demonstrate that although income clearly creates
disadvantages, it does so selectively and in a wide variety of
ways. Low-income preschoolers exhibit poorer cognitive and verbal
skills because they are generally exposed to fewer toys, books, and
other stimulating experiences in the home. Poor parents also tend
to rely on home-based child care, where the quality and amount of
attention children receive is inferior to that of professional
facilities. In later years, conflict between economically stressed
parents increases anxiety and weakens self-esteem in their teenaged
children.
Perhaps the most alarming phenomenon in American cities has been
the transformation of many neighborhoods into isolated ghettos
where poverty is the norm and violent crime, drug use,
out-of-wedlock births, and soaring school dropout rates are
rampant. Public concern over these destitute areas has focused on
their most vulnerable inhabitants children and adolescents. How
profoundly does neighborhood poverty endanger their well-being and
development? Is the influence of neighborhood more powerful than
that of the family? Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences
for Children approaches these questions with an insightful and
wide-ranging investigation into the effect of community poverty on
children's physical health, cognitive and verbal abilities,
educational attainment, and social adjustment. This two-volume set
offers the most current research and analysis from experts in the
fields of child development, social psychology, sociology and
economics. Drawing from national and city-based sources, Volume I
reports the empirical evidence concerning the relationship between
children and community. As the essays demonstrate, poverty entails
a host of problems that affects the quality of educational,
recreational, and child care services.Poor neighborhoods usually
share other negative features particularly racial segregation and a
preponderance of single mother families that may adversely affect
children. Yet children are not equally susceptible to the pitfalls
of deprived communities. Neighborhood has different effects
depending on a child's age, race, and gender, while parenting
techniques and a family's degree of community involvement also
serve as mitigating factors."
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