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National Children's Study 2014 - An Assessment (Paperback)
Panel on the Design of the National Children's Study and Implications for the Generalizability of Results, Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Institute of Medicine, …
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R1,254
Discovery Miles 12 540
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The National Children's Study (NCS) was authorized by the
Children's Health Act of 2000 and is being implemented by a
dedicated Program Office in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The NCS is
planned to be a longitudinal observational birth cohort study to
evaluate the effects of chronic and intermittent exposures on child
health and development in the U.S.. The NCS would be the first
study to collect a broad range of environmental exposure measures
for a national probability sample of about 100,000 children,
followed from birth or before birth to age 21. Detailed plans for
the NCS were developed by 2007 and reviewed by a National Research
Council / Institute of Medicine panel. At that time, sample
recruitment for the NCS Main Study was scheduled to begin in 2009
and to be completed within about 5 years. However, results from the
initial seven pilot locations, which recruited sample cases in
2009-2010, indicated that the proposed household-based recruitment
approach would be more costly and time consuming than planned. In
response, the Program Office implemented a number of pilot tests in
2011 to evaluate alternative recruitment methods and pilot testing
continues to date. At the request of Congress, The National
Children's Study 2014 reviews the revised study design and proposed
methodologies for the NCS Main Study. This report assesses the
study's plan to determine whether it is likely to produce
scientifically sound results that are generalizable to the United
States population and appropriate subpopulations. The report makes
recommendations about the overall study framework, sample design,
timing, content and need for scientific expertise and oversight.
The National Children's Study has the potential to add immeasurably
to scientific knowledge about the impact of environmental
exposures, broadly defined, on children\'s health and development
in the United States. The recommendations of this report will help
the NCS will achieve its intended objective to examine the effects
of environmental influences on the health and development of
American children.
In this landmark volume, Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane lay
out a meticulously researched case showing how - in a time of
spiraling inequality - strategically targeted interventions and
supports can help schools significantly improve the life chances of
low-income children. The authors offer a brilliant synthesis of
recent research on inequality and its effects on families,
children, and schools. They describe the interplay of social and
economic factors that has made it increasingly hard for schools to
counteract the effects of inequality and that has created a
widening wedge between low- and high-income students. Restoring
Opportunity provides detailed portraits of proven initiatives that
are transforming the lives of low-income children from
prekindergarten through high school. All of these programmes are
research-tested and have demonstrated sustained effectiveness over
time and at significant scale. Together, they offer a powerful
vision of what good instruction in effective schools can look like.
The authors conclude by outlining the elements of a new agenda for
education reform. Restoring Opportunity is a crowning contribution
from these two leading economists in the field of education and a
passionate call to action on behalf of the young people on whom our
nation's future depends.
One in five American children now live in families with incomes
below the povertyline, and their prospects are not bright. Low
income is statistically linked with a variety of poor outcomes for
children, from low birth weight and poor nutrition in infancy to
increased chances of academic failure, emotional distress, and
unwed childbirth in adolescence. To address these problems it is
not enough to know that money makes a difference; we need to
understand how. Consequences of Growing Up Poor is an extensive and
illuminating examination of the paths through which economic
deprivation damages children at all stages of their development. In
Consequences of Growing Up Poor, developmental psychologists,
economists, and sociologists revisit a large body of studies to
answer specific questions about how low income puts children at
risk intellectually, emotionally, and physically. Many of their
investigations demonstrate that although income clearly creates
disadvantages, it does so selectively and in a wide variety of
ways. Low-income preschoolers exhibit poorer cognitive and verbal
skills because they are generally exposed to fewer toys, books, and
other stimulating experiences in the home. Poor parents also tend
to rely on home-based child care, where the quality and amount of
attention children receive is inferior to that of professional
facilities. In later years, conflict between economically stressed
parents increases anxiety and weakens self-esteem in their teenaged
children.
Perhaps the most alarming phenomenon in American cities has been
the transformation of many neighborhoods into isolated ghettos
where poverty is the norm and violent crime, drug use,
out-of-wedlock births, and soaring school dropout rates are
rampant. Public concern over these destitute areas has focused on
their most vulnerable inhabitants children and adolescents. How
profoundly does neighborhood poverty endanger their well-being and
development? Is the influence of neighborhood more powerful than
that of the family? Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences
for Children approaches these questions with an insightful and
wide-ranging investigation into the effect of community poverty on
children's physical health, cognitive and verbal abilities,
educational attainment, and social adjustment. This two-volume set
offers the most current research and analysis from experts in the
fields of child development, social psychology, sociology and
economics. Drawing from national and city-based sources, Volume I
reports the empirical evidence concerning the relationship between
children and community. As the essays demonstrate, poverty entails
a host of problems that affects the quality of educational,
recreational, and child care services.Poor neighborhoods usually
share other negative features particularly racial segregation and a
preponderance of single mother families that may adversely affect
children. Yet children are not equally susceptible to the pitfalls
of deprived communities. Neighborhood has different effects
depending on a child's age, race, and gender, while parenting
techniques and a family's degree of community involvement also
serve as mitigating factors."
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