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Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of ischemic
cardiovascular disease and over the last few years spectacular
advancements in this field have been recorded. This is the first
comprehensive handbook entirely dedicated to all the aspects of
antiplatelet therapy. The book is divided into three main sections,
pathophysiology, pharmacology and therapy, for a total of 23
chapters. A large group of leading experts from different European
countries and from the USA, both from academia and industry, have
contributed to the book. Besides a detailed overview on the
pharmacology and clinical applications of all the currently used or
of the novel antiplatelet agents, innovative approaches (e.g.
intracellular signalling as an antiplatelet target, small RNAs as
platelet therapeutics, etc.) or unconventional aspects (e.g.
pharmacologic modulation of the inflammatory action of platelets
are also treated. The book is oriented to both basic investigators
and to clinicians involved with research on platelet inhibition or
with the clinical use of antiplatelet therapies.
Proceedings, with Commentary, of the Symposium held at London,
England October 3-4, 1981
Closed-End Investment Companies (CEICs) were the dominant form of
investment companies in the United States during the early part of
this century, but interest in them declined after the 1929 stock
market crash. Since 1985, however, there has been a significant
revival of interest in CEICs. A substantial amount of academic
research has focused on the nature of closed-end funds, discounts
and premiums, and on the share price behavior of these firms, which
often results in the prices differing from the net asset value of
the shares. This book is designed for the academic researcher
interested in CEICs and the practitioner interested in using CEICs
as an investment vehicle. The authors summarize the evolution of
CEICs, present the factors that cause CEIC shares to trade at
different levels from their net asset values, provide a complete
survey of the academic literature on this topic, and summarize the
current state of research on CEICs.
Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of ischemic
cardiovascular disease and over the last few years spectacular
advancements in this field have been recorded. This is the first
comprehensive handbook entirely dedicated to all the aspects of
antiplatelet therapy. The book is divided into three main sections,
pathophysiology, pharmacology and therapy, for a total of 23
chapters. A large group of leading experts from different European
countries and from the USA, both from academia and industry, have
contributed to the book. Besides a detailed overview on the
pharmacology and clinical applications of all the currently used or
of the novel antiplatelet agents, innovative approaches (e.g.
intracellular signalling as an antiplatelet target, small RNAs as
platelet therapeutics, etc.) or unconventional aspects (e.g.
pharmacologic modulation of the inflammatory action of platelets
are also treated. The book is oriented to both basic investigators
and to clinicians involved with research on platelet inhibition or
with the clinical use of antiplatelet therapies.
Closed-End Investment Companies (CEICs) were the dominant form of
investment companies in the United States during the early part of
this century, but interest in them declined after the 1929 stock
market crash. Since 1985, however, there has been a significant
revival of interest in CEICs. A substantial amount of academic
research has focused on the nature of closed-end funds, discounts
and premiums, and on the share price behavior of these firms, which
often results in the prices differing from the net asset value of
the shares. This book is designed for the academic researcher
interested in CEICs and the practitioner interested in using CEICs
as an investment vehicle. The authors summarize the evolution of
CEICs, present the factors that cause CEIC shares to trade at
different levels from their net asset values, provide a complete
survey of the academic literature on this topic, and summarize the
current state of research on CEICs.
The author's general aim has been to survey as wide a field of
evidence as possible and this had involved excursions into subjects
of which he has little first hand knowledge. This width of range
also has necessitated a somewhat arbitrary selection of evidence
and has prevented full discussion of any indi- vidual problem. The
author trusts that he has not misrepresented anyone's results or
opinions, and if this has occurred, he can only plead in excuse the
peculiar difficulty of giving a brief and yet accurate account of
evidence of such a wide variety. The diagrams reproduced in the
article have all been redrawn and in many cases the original
figures or diagrams have been modified as, for instance, by
recalculating dosage on the logarithmic scale. The original authors
therefore have no direct responsibility for the diagrams in their
present form. The author desires to thank Messrs Arnold and Co. for
permitting the repro- duction of Figs. 9 and 23 from similar
figures which appeared in his book "The Mode of Action of Drugs on
Cells"; portions of other figures from this book also have been
reproduced in modified form. The author also desires to thank Dr.
J. M. ROBSON for help in correction of the proofs. Edinburgh, July,
1937. A. J. CLARK. Contents. I'age Int.roduction . . . . . . . . .
. .
2 Als einer der eben genannten Programmpunkte wird in dem
vorliegenden Bei- trag die experimentelle Ubertragung von
metazoischen Parasiten, und zwar nur von Eingeweidewurmern
("Helminthen"), auf die ublichen Versuchstiere abgehandelt. Den
Befall von Wirten mit metazoischen Parasiten bezeichnet man als
Invasion im Gegensatz zur Infektion mit den einzelligen Viren,
Bakterien oder Protozoen, die sich im Wirt vermehren; denn aus den
im Darm oder sonstigen Organen der Wirte abgelegten Eiern oder
Larven der genannten mehrzelligen geschlechtsreifen Metazoen
koennen in ein und demselben Wirtsindividuum nicht neue
geschlechts- reife Parasiten heranwachsen, wenn man von einigen
bestimmten Ausnahmen, z. B. Hymenolepis, absieht. Allerdings wird
die Trennung der eben definierten Begriffe "Invasion" und
"Infektion" in praxi meist nicht konsequent durch- gefuhrt, sollte
es aber in Zukunft werden. Auf Wunsch der Herausgeber soll die
Darstellung der experimentellen Inva- sionen so ausfuhrlich sein,
dass der Benutzer in der Lage ist, ohne Zuhilfenahme weiterer
Literatur die betreffenden ubertragungen an den hierfur in Frage
kom- menden Laboratoriumstieren (einschliesslich an Hunden, Katzen
und Affen) durch- zufuhren. Der Leser soll sich also uber die
wichtigsten Ausfuhrungsmethoden informieren koennen, wobei ihm
gesagt wird, wie er sich vor Selbst-oder Labora- toriumsinvasionen
zu schutzen hat. Soweit die Invasionen zu Krankheiten bzw. zum
Exitus fuhren (meist eine quantitative Frage, vgl. z. B.
Rattentrichinose), sollen auch die Symptome derselben angefuhrt
werden. Ferner sollen im Prinzip die Testierungsmethoden fur
Wurmmittel an den mit den entsprechenden Helminthen invadierten
(infizierten) Versuchstieren, also die in vivo-Methoden (nicht die
ublichen Reagenzglasversuche) besprochen werden.
Um den Umfang der vorliegenden Monographie in ertraglichen Grenzen
zu halten und eine groessere UEbersichtlichkeit zu wahren, wurden
von der Literatur bis zum Jahre 1940 nur diejenigen Arbeiten
besprochen, die wesentliches zur Pharmakologie des Morphin
beitrugen und auch heute noch Geltung besitzen. Diese Beschrankung
war um so eher moeglich, als in der ausgezeichneten Mono- graphie
von KRUEGER, EnnY und SuMw ALT aus dem Jahr 1941 "The pharmacology
of the opium alcaloids" die Weltliteratur bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt
fast luckenlos gesammelt und kritisch besprochen worden ist.
Dagegen wurde die Literatur nach 1940 bis Anfang 1957 nach
Moeglichkeit vollstandig bearbeitet, wobei von klinischen Arbeiten
allerdings nur diejenigen Berucksichtigung fanden, die fur die
Pharmakologie von Bedeutung sind. Das Jahr 1940 ist durch die
Entdeckung der vollsynthetischen, morphinahnlich wirkenden
Verbindungen ein Markstein in der Pharmakologie dieser wichtigen
Therapeutica. Da infolge der fast unbegrenzten
Variationsmoeglichkeit der che- mischen Grundtypen jetzt Hunderte
von Verbindungen mit morphinahnlicher Wirkung verfugbar wurden,
konnte versucht werden, gemeinsames im chemischen Aufbau und in der
Pharmakodynamie herauszuarbeiten. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die
schmerzstillende Wirkung nicht die einzige, vielleicht nicht einmal
die wich- tigste therapeutisch verwertbare Eigenschaft dieser
Verbindungen ist. Deshalb wurde mit Absicht im Titel das Wort
"Analgetica" vermieden und der allgemeinere Ausdruck
"morphinahnlich wirkende Verbindungen" gewahlt.
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