Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease and over the last few years spectacular advancements in this field have been recorded. This is the first comprehensive handbook entirely dedicated to all the aspects of antiplatelet therapy. The book is divided into three main sections, pathophysiology, pharmacology and therapy, for a total of 23 chapters. A large group of leading experts from different European countries and from the USA, both from academia and industry, have contributed to the book. Besides a detailed overview on the pharmacology and clinical applications of all the currently used or of the novel antiplatelet agents, innovative approaches (e.g. intracellular signalling as an antiplatelet target, small RNAs as platelet therapeutics, etc.) or unconventional aspects (e.g. pharmacologic modulation of the inflammatory action of platelets are also treated. The book is oriented to both basic investigators and to clinicians involved with research on platelet inhibition or with the clinical use of antiplatelet therapies.

Proceedings, with Commentary, of the Symposium held at London, England October 3-4, 1981

Closed-End Investment Companies (CEICs) were the dominant form of investment companies in the United States during the early part of this century, but interest in them declined after the 1929 stock market crash. Since 1985, however, there has been a significant revival of interest in CEICs. A substantial amount of academic research has focused on the nature of closed-end funds, discounts and premiums, and on the share price behavior of these firms, which often results in the prices differing from the net asset value of the shares. This book is designed for the academic researcher interested in CEICs and the practitioner interested in using CEICs as an investment vehicle. The authors summarize the evolution of CEICs, present the factors that cause CEIC shares to trade at different levels from their net asset values, provide a complete survey of the academic literature on this topic, and summarize the current state of research on CEICs.

Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease and over the last few years spectacular advancements in this field have been recorded. This is the first comprehensive handbook entirely dedicated to all the aspects of antiplatelet therapy. The book is divided into three main sections, pathophysiology, pharmacology and therapy, for a total of 23 chapters. A large group of leading experts from different European countries and from the USA, both from academia and industry, have contributed to the book. Besides a detailed overview on the pharmacology and clinical applications of all the currently used or of the novel antiplatelet agents, innovative approaches (e.g. intracellular signalling as an antiplatelet target, small RNAs as platelet therapeutics, etc.) or unconventional aspects (e.g. pharmacologic modulation of the inflammatory action of platelets are also treated. The book is oriented to both basic investigators and to clinicians involved with research on platelet inhibition or with the clinical use of antiplatelet therapies.

Closed-End Investment Companies (CEICs) were the dominant form of investment companies in the United States during the early part of this century, but interest in them declined after the 1929 stock market crash. Since 1985, however, there has been a significant revival of interest in CEICs. A substantial amount of academic research has focused on the nature of closed-end funds, discounts and premiums, and on the share price behavior of these firms, which often results in the prices differing from the net asset value of the shares. This book is designed for the academic researcher interested in CEICs and the practitioner interested in using CEICs as an investment vehicle. The authors summarize the evolution of CEICs, present the factors that cause CEIC shares to trade at different levels from their net asset values, provide a complete survey of the academic literature on this topic, and summarize the current state of research on CEICs.

The author's general aim has been to survey as wide a field of evidence as possible and this had involved excursions into subjects of which he has little first hand knowledge. This width of range also has necessitated a somewhat arbitrary selection of evidence and has prevented full discussion of any indi- vidual problem. The author trusts that he has not misrepresented anyone's results or opinions, and if this has occurred, he can only plead in excuse the peculiar difficulty of giving a brief and yet accurate account of evidence of such a wide variety. The diagrams reproduced in the article have all been redrawn and in many cases the original figures or diagrams have been modified as, for instance, by recalculating dosage on the logarithmic scale. The original authors therefore have no direct responsibility for the diagrams in their present form. The author desires to thank Messrs Arnold and Co. for permitting the repro- duction of Figs. 9 and 23 from similar figures which appeared in his book "The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells"; portions of other figures from this book also have been reproduced in modified form. The author also desires to thank Dr. J. M. ROBSON for help in correction of the proofs. Edinburgh, July, 1937. A. J. CLARK. Contents. I'age Int.roduction . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Als einer der eben genannten Programmpunkte wird in dem vorliegenden Bei- trag die experimentelle Ubertragung von metazoischen Parasiten, und zwar nur von Eingeweidewurmern ("Helminthen"), auf die ublichen Versuchstiere abgehandelt. Den Befall von Wirten mit metazoischen Parasiten bezeichnet man als Invasion im Gegensatz zur Infektion mit den einzelligen Viren, Bakterien oder Protozoen, die sich im Wirt vermehren; denn aus den im Darm oder sonstigen Organen der Wirte abgelegten Eiern oder Larven der genannten mehrzelligen geschlechtsreifen Metazoen koennen in ein und demselben Wirtsindividuum nicht neue geschlechts- reife Parasiten heranwachsen, wenn man von einigen bestimmten Ausnahmen, z. B. Hymenolepis, absieht. Allerdings wird die Trennung der eben definierten Begriffe "Invasion" und "Infektion" in praxi meist nicht konsequent durch- gefuhrt, sollte es aber in Zukunft werden. Auf Wunsch der Herausgeber soll die Darstellung der experimentellen Inva- sionen so ausfuhrlich sein, dass der Benutzer in der Lage ist, ohne Zuhilfenahme weiterer Literatur die betreffenden ubertragungen an den hierfur in Frage kom- menden Laboratoriumstieren (einschliesslich an Hunden, Katzen und Affen) durch- zufuhren. Der Leser soll sich also uber die wichtigsten Ausfuhrungsmethoden informieren koennen, wobei ihm gesagt wird, wie er sich vor Selbst-oder Labora- toriumsinvasionen zu schutzen hat. Soweit die Invasionen zu Krankheiten bzw. zum Exitus fuhren (meist eine quantitative Frage, vgl. z. B. Rattentrichinose), sollen auch die Symptome derselben angefuhrt werden. Ferner sollen im Prinzip die Testierungsmethoden fur Wurmmittel an den mit den entsprechenden Helminthen invadierten (infizierten) Versuchstieren, also die in vivo-Methoden (nicht die ublichen Reagenzglasversuche) besprochen werden.

Um den Umfang der vorliegenden Monographie in ertraglichen Grenzen zu halten und eine groessere UEbersichtlichkeit zu wahren, wurden von der Literatur bis zum Jahre 1940 nur diejenigen Arbeiten besprochen, die wesentliches zur Pharmakologie des Morphin beitrugen und auch heute noch Geltung besitzen. Diese Beschrankung war um so eher moeglich, als in der ausgezeichneten Mono- graphie von KRUEGER, EnnY und SuMw ALT aus dem Jahr 1941 "The pharmacology of the opium alcaloids" die Weltliteratur bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt fast luckenlos gesammelt und kritisch besprochen worden ist. Dagegen wurde die Literatur nach 1940 bis Anfang 1957 nach Moeglichkeit vollstandig bearbeitet, wobei von klinischen Arbeiten allerdings nur diejenigen Berucksichtigung fanden, die fur die Pharmakologie von Bedeutung sind. Das Jahr 1940 ist durch die Entdeckung der vollsynthetischen, morphinahnlich wirkenden Verbindungen ein Markstein in der Pharmakologie dieser wichtigen Therapeutica. Da infolge der fast unbegrenzten Variationsmoeglichkeit der che- mischen Grundtypen jetzt Hunderte von Verbindungen mit morphinahnlicher Wirkung verfugbar wurden, konnte versucht werden, gemeinsames im chemischen Aufbau und in der Pharmakodynamie herauszuarbeiten. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die schmerzstillende Wirkung nicht die einzige, vielleicht nicht einmal die wich- tigste therapeutisch verwertbare Eigenschaft dieser Verbindungen ist. Deshalb wurde mit Absicht im Titel das Wort "Analgetica" vermieden und der allgemeinere Ausdruck "morphinahnlich wirkende Verbindungen" gewahlt.