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Even before the end of Reconstruction in Arkansas, the state
already possessed a long-standing reputation for violence,
including lynchings, duels, and feuds. However, the years following
Reconstruction witnessed the creation of new forms of mob violence.
All across the state, gangs of whites sought to drive African
Americans from their homes, their jobs, and their positions of
authority, creating communities shamelessly advertised as "100%
white." This happened not only in the highland regions, the Ozarks
and the Ouachitas, where the expulsion of African Americans created
so-called "sundown towns," but it also occurred in the low-lying
Delta lands of eastern Arkansas, where cotton was king and where
masked mobs of landless "whitecappers" and "nightriders" regularly
dealt terror and murder to black sharecroppers. Racial Cleansing in
Arkansas, 1883-1924: Politics, Land, Labor, and Criminality by Guy
Lancaster is the first book to examine the phenomenon of racial
cleansing within the context of one particular state, illustrating
how violence relates to geography and economic development.
Lancaster analyzes the wholesale expulsion of African Americans and
the emergence of "sundown towns" together with a survey of more
limited deportations, including those with blatant political goals
as well as vigilante violence. The book has broader implications
not only for the study of Southern and American history but also
for a deeper understanding of ethnic and racial conflict, local
politics, and labor history
On September 30, 1919, local law enforcement in rural Phillips
County, Arkansas, attacked black sharecroppers at a meeting of the
Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America. The next day,
hundreds of white men from the Delta, along with US Army troops,
converged on the area 'with blood in their eyes.' What happened
next was one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in the
history of the United States, leaving a legacy of trauma and
silence that has persisted for more than a century. In the wake of
the massacre, the NAACP and Little Rock lawyer Scipio Jones
spearheaded legal action that revolutionized due process in
America. The first edition of Grif Stockley's Blood in Their Eyes,
published in 2001, brought renewed attention to the Elaine Massacre
and sparked valuable new studies on racial violence and
exploitation in Arkansas and beyond. With contributions from fellow
historians Brian K. Mitchell and Guy Lancaster, this revised
edition draws from recently uncovered source material and explores
in greater detail the actions of the mob, the lives of those who
survived the massacre, and the regime of fear and terror that
prevailed under Jim Crow.
Lynching is often viewed as a narrow form of violence: either the
spontaneous act of an angry mob against accused individuals, or a
demonstration of white supremacy against an entire population
considered subhuman. However, in this new treatise, historian Guy
Lancaster exposes the multiple forms of violence hidden beneath the
singular label of lynching.Lancaster, who has written extensively
on racial violence, details several lynchings of Blacks by white
posses in post-Reconstruction Arkansas. Drawing from the fields of
history, philosophy, cognitive science, sociology, and literary
theory, and quoting chilling contemporary accounts, he argues that
the act of lynching encompasses five distinct but overlapping types
of violence. This new framework reveals lynching to be even more of
an atrocity than previously understood: that mobs did not disregard
the humanity of their victims but rather reveled in it; that they
were not simply enacting personal vengeance but manifesting an
elite project of subjugation. Lancaster thus clarifies and connects
the motives and goals of seemingly isolated lynch mobs, embedding
the practice in the ongoing enforcement of white supremacy. By
interrogating the substance of lynching, American Atrocity shines
new light on both past anti-Black violence and the historical
underpinnings of our present moment.
Even before the end of Reconstruction in Arkansas, the state
already possessed a long-standing reputation for violence,
including lynchings, duels, and feuds. However, the years following
Reconstruction witnessed the creation of new forms of mob violence.
All across the state, gangs of whites sought to drive African
Americans from their homes, their jobs, and their positions of
authority, creating communities shamelessly advertised as "100%
white." This happened not only in the highland regions, the Ozarks
and the Ouachitas, where the expulsion of African Americans created
so-called "sundown towns," but it also occurred in the low-lying
Delta lands of eastern Arkansas, where cotton was king and where
masked mobs of landless "whitecappers" and "nightriders" regularly
dealt terror and murder to black sharecroppers. Racial Cleansing in
Arkansas, 1883-1924: Politics, Land, Labor, and Criminality by Guy
Lancaster is the first book to examine the phenomenon of racial
cleansing within the context of one particular state, illustrating
how violence relates to geography and economic development.
Lancaster analyzes the wholesale expulsion of African Americans and
the emergence of "sundown towns" together with a survey of more
limited deportations, including those with blatant political goals
as well as vigilante violence. The book has broader implications
not only for the study of Southern and American history but also
for a deeper understanding of ethnic and racial conflict, local
politics, and labor history
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