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The renaissance of magnet technology started in the early 1950s
with the establishment of high-energy accelerators. About a decade
later in 1961, or fifty years after the discovery of
superconductivity, high-field superconducting laboratory magnets
became a reality. Conventional still the major beam-handling and
experimen electromagnets, which are tal devices used in
laboratories, operate at zero efficiency. To generate high magnetic
fields in a useful volume, considerable amounts of power are
needed. Superconducting d. c. magnets do not require any power at
all. It is somewhat depressing to note that, sixty years after the
first superconductor was tested, the experimental d. c.
superconducting mag net is still the only large-scale equipment
operated in laboratories. Al though there has been considerable
activity in the area of superconduc tivity, superconductors are
used on quite a modest scale in electronic and quantum devices, in
medicine and biology, and in physical experi ments where high
magnetic fields are essential. It is only recently that Type II
superconductors have been introduced in power engineering (power
generation, storage and transport) to replace pulsed accelerator
magnets; for fast and economical transportation vehicles (levitated
trains) where superconductors may ultimately replace the wheel; to
make new means of en rgy generation economically feasible, such as
in magneto hydrodynamics and in fusion reactors; and for
high-efficiency electric motors. High-field superconducting magnets
are being proposed for de salination of seawater, for magnetic
separation in the mining industry, for cleaning polluted water, and
for sewage treatment."
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