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Parsing technology is concerned with finding syntactic structure in
language. In parsing we have to deal with incomplete and not
necessarily accurate formal descriptions of natural languages.
Robustness and efficiency are among the main issuesin parsing.
Corpora can be used to obtain frequency information about language
use. This allows probabilistic parsing, an approach that aims at
both robustness and efficiency increase. Approximation techniques,
to be applied at the level of language description, parsing
strategy, and syntactic representation, have the same objective.
Approximation at the level of syntactic representation is also
known as underspecification, a traditional technique to deal with
syntactic ambiguity. In this book new parsing technologies are
collected that aim at attacking the problems of robustness and
efficiency by exactly these techniques: the design of probabilistic
grammars and efficient probabilistic parsing algorithms,
approximation techniques applied to grammars and parsers to
increase parsing efficiency, and techniques for underspecification
and the integration of semantic information in the syntactic
analysis to deal with massive ambiguity. The book gives a
state-of-the-art overview of current research and development in
parsing technologies. In its chapters we see how probabilistic
methods have entered the toolbox of computational linguistics in
order to be applied in both parsing theory and parsing practice.
The book is both a unique reference for researchers and an
introduction to the field for interested graduate students.
Parsing can be defined as the decomposition of complex
structures into their constituent parts, and parsing technology as
the methods, the tools, and the software to parse automatically.
Parsing is a central area of research in the automatic processing
of human language. Parsers are being used in many application
areas, for example question answering, extraction of information
from text, speech recognition and understanding, and machine
translation. New developments in parsing technology are thus widely
applicable.
This book contains contributions from many of today's leading
researchers in the area of natural language parsing technology. The
contributors describe their most recent work and a diverse range of
techniques and results. This collection provides an excellent
picture of the current state of affairs in this area. This volume
is the third in a series of such collections, and its breadth of
coverage should make it suitable both as an overview of the current
state of the field for graduate students, and as a reference for
established researchers.
Parsing can be defined as the decomposition of complex structures
into their constituent parts, and parsing technology as the
methods, the tools and the software to parse automatically. Parsing
is a central area of research in the automatic processing of human
language. Parsers are being used in many application areas, for
example question answering, extraction of information from text,
speech recognition and understanding, and machine translation. New
developments in parsing technology are thus widely applicable.
This book contains contributions from many of today's leading
researchers in the area of natural language parsing technology. The
contributors describe their most recent work and a diverse range of
techniques and results. This collection provides an excellent
picture of the current state of affairs in this area. This volume
is the third in a line of such collections, and its breadth of
coverage should make it suitable both as an overview of the current
state of the field for graduate students, and as a reference for
established researchers.
This volume is of specific interest to researchers, advanced
undergraduate students, graduate students, and teachers in the
following areas: Computational Linguistics, Artificial
Intelligence, Computer Science, Language Engineering, Information
Science, and Cognitive Science. It will also be of interest to
designers, developers, and advanced users of natural language
processing software and systems, including applications such as
machine translation, information extraction, spoken dialogue,
multimodal human-computer interaction, text mining, and semantic
web technology.
In the current processes of political, economic and cultural
changes serious cross-border forms of organized crime receive
unprecedented attention as spectacular global media events, as
'threats' of all sorts, and as priority targets of criminal policy
and political agendas. Most books on 'global organized crime' focus
on one particular region, topic or event, and are written from one
specific theoretical and disciplinary framework.
The renowned scholars who have contributed to this volume present
up-to-date expertise on regions as distant and different as Russia,
Colombia, the Netherlands, Israel, Peru and Britain. They tackle
phenomena such as international drug trafficking, alien and women
smuggling, terrorism, East European organized crime and financial
crimes. They show not only how these issues are interrelated, but
also the way in which they interact with social, economic and
political legitimate structures. The contributors critically
question the policies and strategies currently pursued. They
explore different theoretical arguments from the perspective of
their own disciplines, which include economics, criminology,
political science and anthropology.
In the current processes of political, economic and cultural
changes serious cross-border forms of organized crime receive
unprecedented attention as spectacular global media events, as
'threats' of all sorts, and as priority targets of criminal policy
and political agendas. Most books on 'global organized crime' focus
on one particular region, topic or event, and are written from one
specific theoretical and disciplinary framework.
The renowned scholars who have contributed to this volume present
up-to-date expertise on regions as distant and different as Russia,
Colombia, the Netherlands, Israel, Peru and Britain. They tackle
phenomena such as international drug trafficking, alien and women
smuggling, terrorism, East European organized crime and financial
crimes. They show not only how these issues are interrelated, but
also the way in which they interact with social, economic and
political legitimate structures. The contributors critically
question the policies and strategies currently pursued. They
explore different theoretical arguments from the perspective of
their own disciplines, which include economics, criminology,
political science and anthropology.
This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding
researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics.
Computational semantics is concerned with the computation of the
meanings of linguistic objects such as text fragments, spoken
dialogue utterances, and e-mail messages. The meaning of such an
object is determined partly by linguistic information and partly by
information from the context in which the object occurs. The
information from these sources is combined by processes that infer
which interpretation of the object applies in the given context.
This applies not only to notoriously difficult aspects of
interpreting linguistic objects, such as indexicals, anaphora, and
metonymy, but also to establishing the precise reference of common
nouns and the scopes of noun phrases. The central issue in
computational semantics is how processes of finding and combining
the relevant linguistic and contextual information into
contextually appropriate meanings can be organised. Traditional
approaches of applying context information to disambiguated natural
language expressions do not work well, due to the massive ambiguity
in natural language. Recent work in computational semantics
suggests, alternatively, to represent linguistic semantic
information in formal structures with underspecification, and to
apply context information in inference processes that result in
further specification of these representations. Underspecified
representation and inference are therefore the key topics in this
book. The book is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists,
and logicians who take an interest in the computation of meaning,
and who want to know what is happening in this exciting field of
research.
This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding
researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics.
Computational semantics is concerned with the computation of the
meanings of linguistic objects such as text fragments, spoken
dialogue utterances, and e-mail messages. The meaning of such an
object is determined partly by linguistic information and partly by
information from the context in which the object occurs. The
information from these sources is combined by processes that infer
which interpretation of the object applies in the given context.
This applies not only to notoriously difficult aspects of
interpreting linguistic objects, such as indexicals, anaphora, and
metonymy, but also to establishing the precise reference of common
nouns and the scopes of noun phrases. The central issue in
computational semantics is how processes of finding and combining
the relevant linguistic and contextual information into
contextually appropriate meanings can be organised. Traditional
approaches of applying context information to disambiguated natural
language expressions do not work well, due to the massive ambiguity
in natural language. Recent work in computational semantics
suggests, alternatively, to represent linguistic semantic
information in formal structures with underspecification, and to
apply context information in inference processes that result in
further specification of these representations. Underspecified
representation and inference are therefore the key topics in this
book. The book is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists,
and logicians who take an interest in the computation of meaning,
and who want to know what is happening in this exciting field of
research.
Parsing technologies are concerned with the automatic decomposition
of complex structures into their constituent parts, with structures
in formal or natural languages as their main, but certainly not
their only, domain of application. The focus of Recent Advances in
Parsing Technology is on parsing technologies for linguistic
structures, but it also contains chapters concerned with parsing
two or more dimensional languages. New and improved parsing
technologies are important not only for achieving better
performance in terms of efficiency, robustness, coverage, etc., but
also because the developments in areas related to natural language
processing give rise to new requirements on parsing technologies.
Ongoing research in the areas of formal and computational
linguistics and artificial intelligence lead to new formalisms for
the representation of linguistic knowledge, and these formalisms
and their application in such areas as machine translation and
language-based interfaces call for new, effective approaches to
parsing. Moreover, advances in speech technology and multimedia
applications cause an increasing demand for parsing technologies
where language, speech, and other modalities are fully integrated.
Recent Advances in Parsing Technology presents an overview of
recent developments in this area with an emphasis on new approaches
for parsing modern, constraint-based formalisms on stochastic
approaches to parsing, and on aspects of integrating syntactic
parsing in further processing.
This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding
researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics.
It is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists, and logicians
who want to know more about the algorithmic realization of meaning
in natural language and about what is happening in this field of
research. It includes a general introduction by the editors.
Parsing technology is concerned with finding syntactic structure in
language. In parsing we have to deal with incomplete and not
necessarily accurate formal descriptions of natural languages.
Robustness and efficiency are among the main issuesin parsing.
Corpora can be used to obtain frequency information about language
use. This allows probabilistic parsing, an approach that aims at
both robustness and efficiency increase. Approximation techniques,
to be applied at the level of language description, parsing
strategy, and syntactic representation, have the same objective.
Approximation at the level of syntactic representation is also
known as underspecification, a traditional technique to deal with
syntactic ambiguity. In this book new parsing technologies are
collected that aim at attacking the problems of robustness and
efficiency by exactly these techniques: the design of probabilistic
grammars and efficient probabilistic parsing algorithms,
approximation techniques applied to grammars and parsers to
increase parsing efficiency, and techniques for underspecification
and the integration of semantic information in the syntactic
analysis to deal with massive ambiguity. The book gives a
state-of-the-art overview of current research and development in
parsing technologies. In its chapters we see how probabilistic
methods have entered the toolbox of computational linguistics in
order to be applied in both parsing theory and parsing practice.
The book is both a unique reference for researchers and an
introduction to the field for interested graduate students.
Computational semantics is concerned with computing the meanings of
linguistic objects such as sentences, text fragments, and dialogue
contributions. As such it is the interdisciplinary child of
semantics, the study of meaning and its linguistic encoding, and
computational linguistics, the discipline that is concerned with
computations on linguistic objects.
From one parent computational semantics inherits concepts and
techniques that have been developed under the banner of formal (or
model-theoretic) semantics. This blend of logic and linguistics
applies the methods of logic to the description of meaning. From
the other parent the young discipline inherits methods and
techniques for parsing sentences, for effective and efficient
representation of syntactic structure and logical form, and for
reasoning with semantic information. Computational semantics
integrates and further develops these methods, concepts and
techniques.
This book is a collection of papers written by outstanding
researchers in the newly emerging field of computational semantics.
It is aimed at those linguists, computer scientists, and logicians
who want to know more about the algorithmic realisation of meaning
in natural language and about what is happening in this field of
research. There is a general introduction by the editors.
Das Buch richtet sich an Chirurgen, die in vertrauter Sprache
und Form Antworten auf spezifische juristische Fragen und Probleme
suchen. Die gemeinsame Erarbeitung durch einen Juristen und
Chirurgen erlauben eine hohe Praxisrelevanz bei gleichzeitiger
juristischer Genauigkeit. Typische Situationen und Probleme des
chirurgischen Alltags in Klinik und Praxis werden juristisch
durchleuchtet. Sofort umsetzbare Antworten werden erganzt durch
Checklisten und Praxistipps. Zukunftige Entwicklungen wie der
Einfluss des europaischen Rechts auf die tagliche Arbeit oder auch
Netzstrukturen werden berucksichtigt. Ein detailliertes
Stichwortverzeichnis erleichtert das Auffinden der entsprechenden
Themen. Das Buch richtet sich an Chirurgen aber auch an Arzte in
der chirurgischen Weiterbildung in Klinik, Praxis und Verwaltung,
um insbesondere Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf juristische Fragen
dieses Fachgebietes zu nehmen.
"
Dieses Buch befasst sich ausschliesslich mit dem
Plattenepithelkarzinom der Speiserohre, die Einzelartikel
zahlreicher Autoren werden in 5 Abschnitten zusammengefasst:
Anatomie und Pathologie, Klinik und perioperative Massnahmen,
chirurgische Strategie und Therapiekonzept, spezielle Techniken -
Komplikationen und palliative Therapieformen. Besonderer Wert wird
in diesem Buch darauf gelegt, die heute noch sehr unterschiedlichen
Therapiestrategien und Konzepte besonders erfahrener Chirurgen auf
diesem Gebiet aufzuzeigen und eine Standardtherapieempfehlung zu
erarbeiten. Weiterhin werden aber auch Folgeerkrankungen aufgrund
von operativen Oesopaguskarzinomen aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
Gerade aber wegen der schlechten Prognose dieses Tumorleidens
werden operativ - chemotherapeutische und radiologische Massnahmen
besprochen und als wirksame Palliation empfohlen."
Das Buch richtet sich an Chirurgen, die in vertrauter Sprache
und Form Antworten auf spezifische juristische Fragen und Probleme
suchen. Die gemeinsame Erarbeitung durch einen Juristen und
Chirurgen erlauben eine hohe Praxisrelevanz bei gleichzeitiger
juristischer Genauigkeit. Typische Situationen und Probleme des
chirurgischen Alltags in Klinik und Praxis werden juristisch
durchleuchtet. Sofort umsetzbare Antworten werden erganzt durch
Checklisten und Praxistipps. Zukunftige Entwicklungen wie der
Einfluss des europaischen Rechts auf die tagliche Arbeit oder auch
Netzstrukturen werden berucksichtigt. Ein detailliertes
Stichwortverzeichnis erleichtert das Auffinden der entsprechenden
Themen. Das Buch richtet sich an Chirurgen aber auch an Arzte in
der chirurgischen Weiterbildung in Klinik, Praxis und Verwaltung,
um insbesondere Unsicherheiten in Bezug auf juristische Fragen
dieses Fachgebietes zu nehmen.
"
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