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The function of the vestibular system is not as obvious as those of
vision, hearing, touch or smell. Vestibular dysfunction, however,
is clearly apparent where lesions are present. It is probably for
this reason that the vestibular sense was not discovered until the
nineteenth century and that clinicians have continued to playa
major role in basic vestibular research right up to the present.
The relationship between basic and clinical research is certainly
stronger in the vesti bular field than in that of tactile
sensation, for instance, as testified by the work of clinicians as
MENIERE, BREUER, BARANY, DEKLEIJN and FRENZEL. In this respect the
situation is similar in vestibular physiology and in endocrinology,
and for the same reason. This second part of the vestibular volume
of the Handbook of Sensory Physio logy will be of interest to
neurologists, otologists, neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and
physiotherapists on the one hand, and psychologists, physiologists,
engineers and aviation specialists on the other. For a full
understanding of Part 2, it is necessary to have assimilated the
basic anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of Part 1."
The details of the receptor mechanism are not yet fully understood
for any sensory system. However, sufficient data are available (for
the vestibular system and for other systems) to permit meaningful
tracking of the sensory messages through the nervous system and via
conscious experience. The reception, process ing, storage and
output of information in man and other animals, as done by means of
receptors, neurons, secretory cells and muscle fibers, are
collectively referred to as mind. Sensory physiologists tend to
disbelieve in extrasensory perception. Sensory physiology in
general is an area upon which different sciences and methods
converge. Anatomists, physiologists, psychologists, physicists,
chemists, and engineers have made important contributions to
sensory physiology. What is special about vestibular physiology is
the fact that many research workers are clinicians, living under
the constant pressure of their patient's demands. This is a
disadvantage when it comes to writing handbooks, but an advantage
for the pa tient, since research is guided by clinical practice and
can be quickly applied. Modern methods, such as recording from
single nerve units and the correlation of electrophysiological and
psychophysical data, have greatly contributed to our knowledge, yet
the study of lesions is still important, especially in the
vestibular field."
The issue of the relationship between cognition and motor processes
can be - and has been - raised at different levels of analysis. At
the neurophysiological level it refers to the interactions between
afferent and efferent information. At the neurological and
neuropsychological level it relates to the mutual dependencies
between the sensory and the motor part of the brain, or, more
precisely, between sensory and motor functions of various parts of
the brain. In psychology, the issue under debate concerns, at a
molecular level, the relationship between percep tion and movement
or, at a more molar level, the relations between cognition and
action. For the title of this book we deliberately decided to
combine two terms that are taken from two of these levels, in order
to emphasize both the multilevel structure of the issues involved
and the multidis ciplinary nature of the following contributions.
Although the term "cognition" has been tremendously misused in
recent years (at least in psychology), it is still the only term
available to serve as a convenient collective name for all sorts of
cognitive processes and functions."
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