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The conquest of Guatemala was brutal, prolonged and complex,
fraught with intrigue and deception, and not at all clear-cut. Yet
views persist of it as an armed confrontation whose stakes were
evident and whose outcomes were decisive, especially in favor of
the Spaniards. A critical reappraisal is long overdue, one that
calls for us to reconsider events and circumstances in the light of
not only new evidence but also keener awareness of indigenous roles
in the drama. While acknowledging the prominent role played by
Pedro de Alvarado (1485-1541), Strike Fear in the Land reexamines
the conquest to give us a greater appreciation of indigenous
involvement in it, and sustained opposition to it. Authors W.
George Lovell, Christopher H. Lutz, and Wendy Kramer develop a
fresh perspective on Alvarado as well as the alliances forged with
native groups that facilitated Spanish objectives. The book
reveals, for instance, that during the years most crucial to the
conquest, Alvarado was absent from Guatemala more often than he was
present; he relied on his brother, Jorge de Alvarado, to act in his
stead. A pact with the Kaqchikel Maya was also not nearly as solid
or long-lived as previously thought, as Alvarado's erstwhile allies
soon turned against the Spaniards, fomenting a prolonged rebellion.
Even the story of the K'iche' leader Tecun Uman, hailed in
Guatemala as a national hero who fronted native resistance,
undergoes significant revision. Strike Fear in the Land is an
arresting saga of personalities and controversies, conveying as
never before the turmoil of this pivotal period in Mesoamerican
history.
In diesem Werk wird das Gesamtgebiet der An{sthesiologie aus der
Praxis des Klinikalltags dargestellt. Aufbauend auf den
theoretischen Grundlagen, die das R}stzeug der An{sthesiologie
bilden, werden die heute praktizierten Verfahren der allgemeinen
und regionalen An{sthesie, sowie die damit verbundenen speziellen
Techniken abgehandelt.
Das Wort des Heraklit, dass der Krieg der Vater aller Dinge sei,
er- scheint uns zwar ubertrieben, er findet aber ausgerechnet in
der Medi- zin unerwartet haufig eine Bestatigung. Eine Reihe,
insbesondere von diagnostischen Verfahren, sind gewissermassen das
Abfallprodukt tech- nischer Entwicklungen, welche aus militarischen
UEberlegungen not- wendig wurden. So hat die fur Raumsatelliten
notwendige Miniaturi- sierung elektronischer Einheiten die
medizinische Biotelemetrie und die Ansatze zu kunstlichem Sehen und
Hoeren ermoeglicht. AEhnliches gilt fur die Endophotographie mit
winzigen Kameras. Neue W erkstof- fe, ursprunglich gedacht fur die
Aussenhaut von Raketen, erwiesen sich wegen ihrer
Oberflacheneigenschaften als nutzlich bei der Herstellung
kunstlicher Herzklappen. Auch die Anfange der angewandten Ultra-
schalltechnikdienten bereits im Ersten Weltkrieg
militarisch-diagnosti- schen Belangen, namlich dem Aufspuren von
Unterseebooten. UEber die eindimensionale hin zur zweidimensionalen
Betrachtungsweise hat der Ultraschall seinen Einzug in die Medizin
gehalten. Neurologie und Geburtshilfe waren die Teilgebiete, welche
zunachst davon profitier- ten, spater war es die gesamte innere
Medizin und hier neben Nephro- logie und Angiologie insbesondere
die Gastroenterologie. Wahrend die Leber bereits mit anderen
Methoden erfasst werden konnte, hatte sich die Bauchspeicheldruse
bis zur Entwicklung eines brauchbaren Ultra- schallverfahrens dem
morphologisch-diagnostischen Zugriff weit- gehend entzogen. Es
waren in den sechziger Jahren mein fruherer Mit- arbeiter G.
Rettenmaier und spater sein Nachfolger H. Lutz, welche sich um die
Aufhellung der dunklen Zone Bauchspeicheldruse mit Hil- fe der
Ultrasonographie in Zusammenarbeit mit der Firma Siemens
wesentliche Verdienste erworben haben.
This is a new release of the original 1933 edition.
This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy
Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive
selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to
reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional
imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor
pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues
beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving and promoting the world's literature.
This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy
Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive
selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to
reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional
imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor
pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues
beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving and promoting the world's literature.
This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy
Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive
selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to
reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional
imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor
pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues
beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving and promoting the world's literature.
This scarce antiquarian book is included in our special Legacy
Reprint Series. In the interest of creating a more extensive
selection of rare historical book reprints, we have chosen to
reproduce this title even though it may possibly have occasional
imperfections such as missing and blurred pages, missing text, poor
pictures, markings, dark backgrounds and other reproduction issues
beyond our control. Because this work is culturally important, we
have made it available as a part of our commitment to protecting,
preserving and promoting the world's literature.
The conquest of Guatemala was brutal, prolonged and complex,
fraught with intrigue and deception, and not at all clear-cut. Yet
views persist of it as an armed confrontation whose stakes were
evident and whose outcomes were decisive, especially in favor of
the Spaniards. A critical reappraisal is long overdue, one that
calls for us to reconsider events and circumstances in the light of
not only new evidence but also keener awareness of indigenous roles
in the drama. While acknowledging the prominent role played by
Pedro de Alvarado (1485-1541), Strike Fear in the Land reexamines
the conquest to give us a greater appreciation of indigenous
involvement in it, and sustained opposition to it. Authors W.
George Lovell, Christopher H. Lutz, and Wendy Kramer develop a
fresh perspective on Alvarado as well as the alliances forged with
native groups that facilitated Spanish objectives. The book
reveals, for instance, that during the years most crucial to the
conquest, Alvarado was absent from Guatemala more often than he was
present; he relied on his brother, Jorge de Alvarado, to act in his
stead. A pact with the Kaqchikel Maya was also not nearly as solid
or long-lived as previously thought, as Alvarado's erstwhile allies
soon turned against the Spaniards, fomenting a prolonged rebellion.
Even the story of the K'iche' leader TecUn UmAn, hailed in
Guatemala as a national hero who fronted native resistance,
undergoes significant revision. Strike Fear in the Land is an
arresting saga of personalities and controversies, conveying as
never before the turmoil of this pivotal period in Mesoamerican
history.
Guatemala emerged from the clash between Spanish invaders and Maya
cultures that began five centuries ago. The conquest of these 'rich
and strange lands,' as Hernan Cortes called them, and their 'many
different peoples' was brutal and prolonged. 'Strange Lands and
Different Peoples' examines the myriad ramifications of Spanish
intrusion, especially Maya resistance to it and the changes that
took place in native life because of it. The studies assembled
here, focusing on the first century of colonial rule (1524-1624),
discuss issues of conquest and resistance, settlement and
colonization, labor and tribute, and Maya survival in the wake of
Spanish invasion. The authors reappraise the complex relationship
between Spaniards and Indians, which was marked from the outset by
mutual feelings of resentment and mistrust. While acknowledging the
pivotal role of native agency, the authors also document the
excesses of Spanish exploitation and the devastating impact of
epidemic disease. Drawing on research findings in Spanish and
Guatemalan archives, they offer fresh insight into the Kaqchikel
Maya uprising of 1524, showing that despite strategic resistance,
colonization imposed a burden on the indigenous population more
onerous than previously thought. Guatemala remains a deeply divided
and unjust society, a country whose current condition can be
understood only in light of the colonial experiences that forged
it. Affording readers a critical perspective on how Guatemala came
to be, 'Strange Lands and Different Peoples' shows the events of
the past to have enduring contemporary relevance.
Guatemala emerged from the clash between Spanish invaders and Maya
cultures that began five centuries ago. The conquest of these "rich
and strange lands," as Hernan Cortes called them, and their "many
different peoples" was brutal and prolonged. ""Strange Lands and
Different Peoples"" examines the myriad ramifications of Spanish
intrusion, especially Maya resistance to it and the changes that
took place in native life because of it.
The studies assembled here, focusing on the first century of
colonial rule (1524-1624), discuss issues of conquest and
resistance, settlement and colonization, labor and tribute, and
Maya survival in the wake of Spanish invasion. The authors
reappraise the complex relationship between Spaniards and Indians,
which was marked from the outset by mutual feelings of resentment
and mistrust. While acknowledging the pivotal role of native
agency, the authors also document the excesses of Spanish
exploitation and the devastating impact of epidemic disease.
Drawing on research findings in Spanish and Guatemalan archives,
they offer fresh insight into the Kaqchikel Maya uprising of 1524,
showing that despite strategic resistance, colonization imposed a
burden on the indigenous population more onerous than previously
thought.
Guatemala remains a deeply divided and unjust society, a country
whose current condition can be understood only in light of the
colonial experiences that forged it. Affording readers a critical
perspective on how Guatemala came to be, ""Strange Lands and
Different Peoples" "shows the events of the past to have enduring
contemporary relevance.
This translation of Severo Martinez Pelaez's "La Patria del
Criollo," first published in Guatemala in 1970, makes a classic,
controversial work of Latin American history available to
English-language readers. Martinez Pelaez was one of Guatemala's
foremost historians and a political activist committed to
revolutionary social change. "La Patria del Criollo" is his
scathing assessment of Guatemala's colonial legacy. Martinez Pelaez
argues that Guatemala remains a colonial society because the
conditions that arose centuries ago when imperial Spain held sway
have endured. He maintains that economic circumstances that assure
prosperity for a few and deprivation for the majority were altered
neither by independence in 1821 nor by liberal reform following
1871. The few in question are an elite group of criollos, people of
Spanish descent born in Guatemala; the majority are predominantly
Maya Indians, whose impoverishment is shared by many mixed-race
Guatemalans.
Martinez Pelaez asserts that "the coffee dictatorships were the
full and radical realization of criollo notions of the patria."
This" patria," or homeland, was one that criollos had wrested from
Spaniards in the name of independence and taken control of based on
claims of liberal reform. He contends that since labor is needed to
make land productive, the exploitation of labor, particularly
Indian labor, was a necessary complement to criollo appropriation.
His depiction of colonial reality is bleak, and his portrayal of
Spanish and criollo behavior toward Indians unrelenting in its
emphasis on cruelty and oppression. Martinez Pelaez felt that the
grim past he documented surfaces each day in an equally grim
present, and that confronting the past is a necessary step in any
effort to improve Guatemala's woes. An extensive introduction
situates "La Patria del Criollo" in historical context and relates
it to contemporary issues and debates.
Santiago de Guatemala was the colonial capital and most
important urban center of Spanish Central America from its
establishment in 1541 until the earthquakes of 1773. Christopher H.
Lutz traces the demographic and social history of the city during
this period, focusing on the rise of groups of mixed descent.
During these two centuries the city evolved from a segmented
society of Indians, Spaniards, and African slaves to an
increasingly mixed population as the formerly all-Indian barrios
became home to a large intermediate group of ladinos. The history
of the evolution of a multiethnic society in Santiago also sheds
light on the present-day struggle of Guatemalan ladinos and Indians
and the problems that continue to divide the country today.
Fosters a holistic understanding of the roles of Maya heroic
figures as cornerstones of cultural identity and political
resistance and power. In the sixteenth century, Q'eqchi' Maya
leader Aj Poop B'atz' changed the course of Q'eqchi' history by
welcoming Spanish invaders to his community in peace to protect his
people from almost certain violence. Today, he is revered as a
powerful symbol of Q'eqchi' identity. Aj Poop B'atz' is only one of
many indigenous heroes who has been recognized by Maya in Mexico
and Guatemala throughout centuries of subjugation, oppression, and
state-sponsored violence. Faces of Resistance: Maya Heroes, Power,
and Identity explores the importance of heroes through the analyses
of heroic figures, some controversial and alternative, from the
Maya area. Contributors examine stories of hero figures as a
primary way through which Maya preserve public memory, fortify
their identities, and legitimize their place in their country's
historical and political landscape. Leading anthropologists,
linguists, historians, and others incorporate ethnographic,
ethnohistoric, and archival material into their chapters, resulting
in a uniquely interdisciplinary book for scholars as well as
students. The essays offer the first critical survey of the broad
significance of these figures and their stories and the ways that
they have been appropriated by national governments to impose
repressive political agendas. Related themes include the role of
heroic figures in the Maya resurgence movement in Guatemala,
contemporary Maya concepts of "hero," and why some assert that all
contemporary Maya are heroes.
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