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Elaborate and complex interactions among the molecules that make up
all living or- ganisms are the basis by which those organisms carry
out their existence. All metabo- lism or vital activities of living
organisms are attributed to the interactions of numbers of
biomolecules, including protein-protein interactions. Cell growth
and differentia- tion, development and generation or regeneration
of tissue, and the occurrence of or protection against various
diseases are triggered, conducted, and maintained by the complex
sequential interactions among molecules both inside and outside the
cells. Each protein has its own function, but it cannot function by
itself. For example, enzymes catalyze reactions only through
transient interaction with their substrates. In some cases,
proteins carry out their functions only after they form a multi
subunit com- plex. GenerallY, proteins, nucleotides, lipids,
sugars, and other small molecules func- tion through the
interaction of mUltiple molecules either simultaneously or succes-
sively. In the case of signal transduction, for example, a ligand
first binds to the cell sur- face receptors, the ligand-receptor
complex is internalized, signals are transferred one by one through
the intracellular signal molecules, and finally the signal reaches
the target molecules. In these processes, the signal is mediated
mainly by phosphorylation, and this phosphorylation is transduced
from upstream to downstream by transient in- teractions of the
donors with the acceptors. Phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation
themselves are also characterized as transient interactions between
phosphates and tar- get proteins.
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