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TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas
heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA),
Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh-
siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty
inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c-
centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch.
Forthis
purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat
theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior
knowledgeaboutsolarphysics.
Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom
thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona
andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium
DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform
ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe
latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience.
Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto
thepublishers,Springer-Verlag.
Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle
byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole
varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand
salientresults.
Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques
relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof-
larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic
andspectroscopicobservations.
Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic
parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed
indetail.
Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar
interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa
determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains
theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. -
bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly
time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe
Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle
on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration,
storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes
andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar-
cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration
VI Preface
ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop-
ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon
"ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe
Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating
mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand
absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives
ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy-
calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare.
FinallyManoharan'scontributionon
"TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind
derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation
studies.
Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate
andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea
ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar-
theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor
AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop
onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003
A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S.
Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No.
198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet.
in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata
Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental
Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001,
Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet.
in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider
Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur
TheideafortheselectureseriesaroseataWorkshoponsolarphysicswhichwas
heldattheInterUniversityCentreforAstronomyandAstrophysics(IUCAA),
Pune/IndiainDecember2000. ThisWorkshopaimedtopresentacompreh-
siveandup-to-dateoverviewofsolarphysicsforinterestedstudentsandfaculty
inotherbranchesofastrophysics. Itwasintendedtoshowthatthis?eld,c-
centratingonourcloseststar,isavitalandexciting?eldofresearch.
Forthis
purposeanumberofcomprehensivereviewswereorganisedwhichassumedthat
theaudiencewouldhaveonlyabasicphysicsbackgroundbuthadnoprior
knowledgeaboutsolarphysics.
Thesetoflecturescoveredtopicsrangingfrom
thesolarcoretotheconvectionzone,thephotosphere,chromosphere,andcorona
andextendingtothesolarwindintheinterplanetarymedium
DuringandaftertheWorkshoptherewasmuchenthusiasmforthisform
ofpresentationanditwasfeltthattheselectures,augmentedbyincludingthe
latestresearch?ndingsinthe?eld,wouldbebene?cialtoamuchlargeraudience.
Thustheplanforthisbookoriginatedwhichcouldthenberealisedthanksto
thepublishers,Springer-Verlag.
Thereare9articlesbasedonthelecturesgivenattheWorkshop. Thearticle
byChitreon"OverviewofSolarPhysics"givesanintroductiontothewhole
varietyofphenomenaofsolarphysics,theproblemsandtheirsolutionsand
salientresults.
Thearticleon"InstrumentationandObservationaltechniques
relatedtoSolarPhysics"byBhatnagardescribesindetailtheprinciplesof-
larinstrumentationnormallyusedtotakesimplewhitelight,monochromatic
andspectroscopicobservations.
Practicalmethodstomeasureimportantbasic
parameters,likearea,positionandtheclassi?cationofsunspotsaredescribed
indetail.
Antia'sarticleon"SolarInteriorandSeismology"describesthesolar
interior,thetechniqueofhelioseismologyandhowthisnewtechniqueallowsa
determinationoftheinternalstructureanddynamicsoftheSunandconstrains
theoriesofstellarstructure,evolutionandangularmomentumtransport. -
bastha'sarticleon"TheActiveandExplosiveSun"givesanoverviewofhighly
time-dependentphenomenainthephotosphere,chromosphereandcoronaofthe
Sunandprovidessometheoreticalmodelsofthesolar?ares. Hasan'sarticle
on"MagneticFluxTubesandActivityontheSun"discussesthegeneration,
storageandemergenceofmagnetic?eldsintheformofsmall-scale?uxtubes
andexaminestheirroleinheatingofthechromosphere. Ventakrishan'sar-
cleon"SolarMagneticFields"givesatheoreticaloverviewofthegeneration
VI Preface
ofmagnetic?eldsbythedynamomechanism,thegeneralmagnetic?eldtop-
ogyandhowthemagnetic?eldsaremeasured. Ulmschneider'scontributionon
"ThePhysicsofChromospheresandCoronae"discusseswhyallstarslikethe
Sunhavehotouterchromosphericandcoronallayers. Itidenti?estheheating
mechanismsanddynamicalprocesseswhichtakeplacebothinthepresenceand
absenceofmagnetic?elds. ThearticlebyDwivedion"TheSolarCorona"gives
ageneraloverviewofthesolarcorona,howitisobservedandwhatthephy-
calprocessesleadingtoitsformationare.
FinallyManoharan'scontributionon
"TheSolarWind"describesthegenerationandmeasurementofthesolarwind
derivedfrominsituobservationsbyspacecraftandinterplanetaryscintillation
studies.
Wehopethatbyreadingtheselectures,interestedpeople,amateurs,graduate
andpostgraduatestudentswillbemotivatedtotakeupsolarphysicsasanarea
ofresearch,andshareourexcitementaboutthewondersofourneareststar-
theSun. WearethankfultoT. PadmanabhanandtheInterUniversityCentrefor
AstronomyandAstrophysics,PunefororganisingandhostingthisWorkshop
onSolarPhysics. Mumbai,Udaipur,Heidelberg H. M. Antia February2003
A. Bhatnagar P. Ulmschneider ListofContributors AshokAmbastha S. S.
Hasan Udaipur Solar Observatory Indian Institute of Astrophysics
Physical Research Laboratory Bangalore560034,India P. O. Box No.
198 hasan@iiap. ernet. in Udaipur313001,India ambastha@prl. ernet.
in P. K. Manoharan Radio Astronomy Centre H. M. Antia Tata
Institute Tata Institute of Fundamental Research of Fundamental
Research P. O. Box 8 Homi Bhabha Road Udhagamandalam (Ooty) 643001,
Mumbai400005,India India antia@tifr. res. in mano@racooty. ernet.
in ArvindBhatnagar Udaipur Solar Observatory P. Ulmschneider
Physical Research Laboratory Institut fur .. Theoretische
Astrophysik P. O. Box No. 198 Univ. Heidelberg Udaipur313001,India
Tiergartenstr. 15 arvind@prl. ernet. in 69121Heidelberg,Germany
ulm@ita. uni-heidelberg. de S. M. Chitre Department of Physics
University of Mumbai P. Venkatakrishnan Mumbai400098,India Udaipur
Solar Observatory kumarchitre@hotmail. com Physical Research
Laboratory P. O. Box No. 198 BholaN. Dwivedi Udaipur313001,India
Department of Applied Physics pvk@prl. ernet. in Institute of
Technology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi221005,India
dwivedi@banaras. ernet. in TableofContents OverviewofSolarPhysics
S. M. Chitre...1 1 Introduction...1 2
CompositionandStructureoftheSun...3 2. 1
EquationsofStellarStructure...4 2. 2 TheStandardSolarModel...7 3
ProbesoftheSun'sInterior...10 3. 1 SolarNeutrinoProblem...
This volume has grown out of lectures addressing primarily graduate students and researchers working in related areas in both astrophysics and space sciences. All contributions are self-contained and do not require prior in-depth knowledge of solar physics. The result is a unique textbook that fulfills the needs of those wishing to have a pedagogic exposition of solar physics bringing them up-to-date in a field full of vitality and with exciting research.
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