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Cuban International Relations at 60 brings together the
perspectives of leading experts and the personal accounts of two
ambassadors to examine Cuba's global engagement and foreign policy
since January 1959 by focusing on the island's key international
relationships and issues. Thisbook's first section focuseson
Havana's complex relationship with Washington and its second
section concentrates on Cuba's other key relationships with
consideration also being given to Cuba's external trade and
investment sectors and the possibility of the island becoming a
future petro-power. Throughout this study due attention is given to
the role of history and Cuban nationalism in the formation of the
island's unique foreign policy. This book's examination and
reflection on Cuba as an actor on the international arena for the
60 years of the revolutionary period highlights the multifaceted
and complex reasons for the island's global engagement. It
concludes that Cuba's global presence since January 1959 has been
remarkable for a Caribbean island, is unparalleled, and is likely
to continue for the foreseeable future. Scholars of international
relations, Latin American studies, and political science n will
find this book particularly interesting.
The 1970s have largely been overlooked in scholarly studies of the
Cuban Revolution, or, at the very least, dismissed simply as a
period of "Sovietization" characterized by widespread
bureaucratization, institutionalization, and adherence to Soviet
orthodoxy. Consequently, scant research exists that examines the
major changes that took place across the decade and their role in
determining the course of the Revolution. This book provides, for
the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the 1970s which
challenges prevailing interpretations. Drawing from
multidisciplinary perspectives and exploring a range of
areas-including politics, international relations, culture,
education, and healthcare-its contributing authors demonstrate that
the decade was a time of intense transformation which proved
pivotal to the development of the Revolution. Indeed, many of the
ideas, approaches, policies, and legislation developed and tested
during the 1970s maintain a very visible legacy in contemporary
Cuba. In highlighting the complexity of the 1970s, this volume
ultimately aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the
Cuban Revolution and how it chooses to face the challenges of the
twenty-first century.
The 1970s have largely been overlooked in scholarly studies of the
Cuban Revolution, or, at the very least, dismissed simply as a
period of "Sovietization" characterized by widespread
bureaucratization, institutionalization, and adherence to Soviet
orthodoxy. Consequently, scant research exists that examines the
major changes that took place across the decade and their role in
determining the course of the Revolution. This book provides, for
the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the 1970s which
challenges prevailing interpretations. Drawing from
multidisciplinary perspectives and exploring a range of
areas-including politics, international relations, culture,
education, and healthcare-its contributing authors demonstrate that
the decade was a time of intense transformation which proved
pivotal to the development of the Revolution. Indeed, many of the
ideas, approaches, policies, and legislation developed and tested
during the 1970s maintain a very visible legacy in contemporary
Cuba. In highlighting the complexity of the 1970s, this volume
ultimately aims to contribute to a greater understanding of the
Cuban Revolution and how it chooses to face the challenges of the
twenty-first century.
This volume illustrates the sweeping changes in Cuban foreign
policy under Raul Castro. Leading scholars from around the world
show how the significant shift in foreign policy direction that
started in 1990 after the implosion of the Soviet Union has
continued, in many ways taking totally unexpected paths-as is shown
by the move toward the normalization of relations with Washington.
Providing a systematic overview of Cuba's relations with the United
States, Latin America, Russia, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and
Africa, this book will be invaluable for courses on contemporary
Cuban politics.
This volume illustrates the sweeping changes in Cuban foreign
policy under Raul Castro. Leading scholars from around the world
show how the significant shift in foreign policy direction that
started in 1990 after the implosion of the Soviet Union has
continued, in many ways taking totally unexpected paths-as is shown
by the move toward the normalization of relations with Washington.
Providing a systematic overview of Cuba's relations with the United
States, Latin America, Russia, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and
Africa, this book will be invaluable for courses on contemporary
Cuban politics.
This second edition continues to focus specifically on doctoral
level advanced nursing practice. This revision encompasses both the
historical advanced nursing practice role and the evolution of the
new doctoral level roles, and delineates and highlights the variety
of roles the new DNP graduates have assumed and will assume, along
with coverage of actual skills that will advance the role of the
doctoral level APRN. The core competencies for DNP practice (AACN)
govern the organisation and content of the text. Because the role
of the DNP graduate continues to evolve, the text reflects the
diverse range of current views on the DNP role and the diverse
'ideals' of what the role of the doctorally prepared APRN should
be. Only text that places singular emphasis on the DNP role
development with extensive contributions by practicing DNP Scholars
Text highlights the evolution of the DNP practice role as it is
currently unfolding 'Translates' the AACN core competency 'skills'
that are requisite for all DNP graduates into real-life practical
applications of the DNP practice Role Experienced authors teach the
APN/DNP Role Development Course and expertly communicate how the
roles and competencies translate into practice New sets of
Reflective Responses from leading clinical and academic nursing and
health profession scholars Chapter features, include Reflective
Response to stimulate class discussion; Critical Thinking
Exercises, Examples of DNP Skills Set Implementation, and
Discussion Questions New and revised critical thinking exercises
intended to expand the boundaries of ordinary classroom discourse
are included for each chapter .
This book focuses on the Caribbean policies of the major contenders
for power, analysing the evolution of each country's policies. It
looks at the rivalry for Caribbean influence from the perspectives
of eastern Caribbean and Central American governments.
This book explores the nature and development of Castro's foreign
relations and Cuban globalism, with primary attention devoted to
nationalism's influence on Havana's policies toward the United
States, the Soviet Union, and the developing African, Asian, and
Latin countries of the Third World.
From its inception, Fidel Castro's revolution has exerted an impact
on the international scene far out of proportion to Cuba's modest
size and limited resources. This phenomenon became more pronounced
in the mid-1970s as Havana's foreign policies took on truly global
parameters that involved the dispatch of large combat forces to
Angola and Ethiopia, the initiation of ambitious military and
developmental aid programs for Third World nations, and the
assumption of leadership of the Nonaligned Movement. Today Cuba
remains a significant actor on the world scene, giving top priority
to Caribbean and Central American affairs. Critics, especially in
the United States, have insisted that Cuban globalism is not a
nationalist expression, that Cuba is but a surrogate for the Soviet
Union. Such charges, however, ignore or seriously underestimate the
role that nationalism has always played in the Cuban Revolution.
This book explores the nature and development of Castro's foreign
relations in general and Cuban globalism in particular, with
primary attention devoted to nationalism's influence on Havana's
policies toward the United States, the Soviet Union, and especially
the developing (mostly nonaligned) African, Asian, and Latin
countries of the Third World. To give the reader an in-depth Cuban
perspective on crucial international issues, excerpts from Castro's
major speeches and press interviews are included. Erisman concludes
that the nationalistic dimension of Havana's foreign policies has
definitely not been fully appreciated, and this omission obscures
the complexity and true essence of Cuban globalism.
This comprehensive text analyzes the foreign policies of eighteen
countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. First assessing the
state of the discipline, the introduction develops a common
framework that compares the relevant explanatory weight of foreign
policy determinants at the individual, state, and international
level for each country. Case studies include the major regional
powers such as Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina, as well as
less-studied players such as the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and
Uruguay. With its focused analytical questions and rich empirical
description, this book allows readers to develop sustained
comparisons across the full spectrum of Latin American foreign
policy. Visit our website for sample chapters
In 2000 the American electoral system was tested by a political
ordeal unlike any in living memory. Not since 1876-77 has the
outcome of a national election remained so unsettled for so long.
The past elections recount conundrum shook the nations faith in the
mechanisms that support the democratic process. Led by former
Presidents Ford and Carter, the National Commission on Federal
Election Reform undertook a study of the American electoral system.
The resulting report describes where and what went wrong during the
2000 election, and makes clear and specific recommendations for
reform, directed at state government, Congress, news organizations,
and others. This volume also includes the full text of the Task
Force Reports from the Commission.
Percutaneous lumbar discectomy is a new surgical method for
treating lumbar disc diseases. The goal of the procedure is
decompression of the spinal nerve root by percutaneous removal of
the nucleus pulposus under local anesthesia. Probably 20 % of all
patients requiring lumbar disc surgery can be successfully treated
by this method. During the past two years, percutaneous discectomy
has spread rapidly, and it is now performed in most clinical
departments engaged in spinal surgery. The first International
Symposium on Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy, held in Berlin in
August 1988, covered all current procedures known as "percutaneous
discectomy" and the entire range of percutaneous techniques, both
clinical and experimental. Its publication is important because of
the recency of this new surgical procedure, the outstanding
experience of the speakers - including the Japanese, American, and
European "pioneers" of the technique - and last but not least the
gaps in the knowledge of physicians concerning this topic. This
procedure opens up new perspectives in the surgical treatment of
degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine.
If one were forced to use a single key word to describe the decade
of the 1980's, a very prominent one would be "technology. " Leading
the forefront of tech nology advancement were breakthroughs in
electronics. Devices that were uncommon or unknown in 1980 became
commonplace, and almost indispens able, by 1989. This trend has
continued into the 1990's and it does not seem to be abating in any
way. Microwave ovens, video recorders, telephone answer ing
machines, compact disc players, computers, and a host of smaller or
less sophisticated devices now appear in most households. The
development of small and inexpensive computers, i. e., personal
computers, has placed computing resources within reach of many more
people. In addition, many traditional, and largely mechanical
devices, have been enhanced by electronics. For example,
specialized microprocessors are combined with arrays of electronic
sensors to control and monitor sophisticated engineering components
in most new auto mobiles. In this and many other ways, we are
touched by the new electronics in almost every aspect of our daily
lives. Initially, personal computers were little more than toys.
They contained only a small fraction of the computing power of
their immediate ancestors, the mini computers and mainframe
computers. However, rapid improvements in integ rated circuit
design and chip manufacture produced regular reductions in size and
cost of computer components. During the same time, processor speed
and sophistication increased."
Based on the international workshop GPCRs: From Deorphanisation
to Lead Structure Identification, held in Berlin in May 2006, the
book highlights the following topics: Structure of GPCRs, Design of
GPCR Ligands, GPCR Signalling, Deorphanization and Assay
Development. All chapters are written by leading experts in the
field, discussing the most recent state of the art. They give
insight into the approaches taken by industry and academia to
address GPCRs and depict how mature this target class-oriented
research has become in the last decade. The book reflects the
actual trends in the fast-emerging field of GPCR research in
academia and industry.
Based on the international workshop GPCRs: From Deorphanisation
to Lead Structure Identification, held in Berlin in May 2006, the
book highlights the following topics: Structure of GPCRs, Design of
GPCR Ligands, GPCR Signalling, Deorphanization and Assay
Development. All chapters are written by leading experts in the
field, discussing the most recent state of the art. They give
insight into the approaches taken by industry and academia to
address GPCRs and depict how mature this target class-oriented
research has become in the last decade. The book reflects the
actual trends in the fast-emerging field of GPCR research in
academia and industry.
Joint replacement is a logical step in the treatment of severe
joint pathologies with irreversible lesions resisting conservative
therapy. At the spinal level, arthrodesis became, very early, the
gold standard of treatment for severe intervertebral disc
pathologies. The next logical step was to envision functional
replacement, and this step was taken as early as 1956, when the
first intervertebral implant was described. However, it took many
more years and a great variety of proposed implant designs before
clinical applications could be attempted.
If one were forced to use a single key word to describe the decade
of the 1980's, a very prominent one would be "technology. " Leading
the forefront of tech nology advancement were breakthroughs in
electronics. Devices that were uncommon or unknown in 1980 became
commonplace, and almost indispens able, by 1989. This trend has
continued into the 1990's and it does not seem to be abating in any
way. Microwave ovens, video recorders, telephone answer ing
machines, compact disc players, computers, and a host of smaller or
less sophisticated devices now appear in most households. The
development of small and inexpensive computers, i. e., personal
computers, has placed computing resources within reach of many more
people. In addition, many traditional, and largely mechanical
devices, have been enhanced by electronics. For example,
specialized microprocessors are combined with arrays of electronic
sensors to control and monitor sophisticated engineering components
in most new auto mobiles. In this and many other ways, we are
touched by the new electronics in almost every aspect of our daily
lives. Initially, personal computers were little more than toys.
They contained only a small fraction of the computing power of
their immediate ancestors, the mini computers and mainframe
computers. However, rapid improvements in integ rated circuit
design and chip manufacture produced regular reductions in size and
cost of computer components. During the same time, processor speed
and sophistication increased."
In recent years the powerful and long-standing influence of the
United States in the Caribbean and Central America has been
challenged directly by Cuba, Mexico, and Venezuela and--many
think--indirectly by the USSR. This struggle for dominance, which
has altered and still is significantly changing the power
configuration in the Caribbean Basin, is examined in detail in
Colossus Challenged. The book contains seven chapters by prominent
area specialists. Five of the chapters focus on the Caribbean
policies of the major contenders for power, analyzing the evolution
of each country's policies, the main variables affecting its
definition of interests and its decision making, and its prospects
for exerting regional influence in the foreseeable future. The
other two chapters look at the rivalry for Caribbean influence from
the perspectives of eastern Caribbean and Central American
governments.
Don t miss it The second, completely revised and expanded
edition of the successful surgical manual on minimally invasive
spine surgery includes 51 chapters (including more than 20 new
chapters) covering all current minimally invasive techniques in
spine surgery. A complete survey of all microsurgical and
endoscopic techniques with a special focus on semi-invasive
injection techniques for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in low
back pain is given. The clear chapter structure with terminology,
history, surgical principles, advantages/disadvantages,
indications, access principles, complications, and results
facilitates navigation through the manual. Topics include the
principles of microsurgical and endoscopic treatment, spinal
navigation and computer-assisted surgery, minimally invasive
reconstruction, fusion, dynamic stabilization in fractures,
degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, low back pain and
deformities. The didactic presentation of surgical steps makes the
reader familiar with all types of new minimally invasive techniques
in clinical use or still in ongoing clinical trials such as
minimally invasive spine arthroplasty."
In this book, leading international specialists in the field join
forces to discuss topics, issues and approaches that are of key
importance in the optimal treatment of lumbar degenerative disk
disease. The coverage is wide ranging, from current understanding
of physiopathology and genetics and modern imaging techniques
through to the diverse minimally invasive, non-fusion, and fusion
surgical techniques. Detailed attention is drawn to the most
important aspects to be considered when approaching the patient and
making treatment decisions. The role of conservative management is
appraised, and surgical techniques and their indications are
carefully described. In the concluding section, some of the top
specialists from across the world reflect on the lessons that they
have learned during lifetimes in spinal surgery. Advanced Concepts
in Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease will be an instructive and
fascinating source of information for all spine surgeons and other
spine care providers.
The Spine: Medical and Surgical Conditions is a complete, two
volume, evidence based study edited by an internationally
recognised team of spine surgeons based in the USA, China, Canada,
Germany, Japan, Brazil, Egypt and India. The two volumes are
divided into 137 chapters, across fourteen sections. The first
section covers general topics in spinal medicine, including
anatomy, biomechanics, physical and neurological examination,
interventional diagnostics and therapeutics, and anaesthesia. This
is followed by sections on the development of the spine, metabolic
disorders, and bone grafting. Subsequent sections focus on surgery
for particular parts of the spine, including cervical, lumbar and
thoracic, as well as sections on spinal cord injuries and motor
preservation. Later sections in the book provide information on the
spine in paediatrics, adult deformity, tumours, vascular
malformations and infections, complications of spinal surgery, and
a final section on minimally invasive techniques. Enhanced by 1500
full colour images, The Spine: Medical and Surgical Conditions is
also made available online, complete with text, images and video,
with each physical copy. Key Points Comprehensive, two volume guide
to spinal medicine Covers anatomy, biomechanics, examination,
diagnostics, therapeutics, anaesthesia, surgery and complications
Enhanced by 1500 full colour images Includes access to online
version with complete text, images and video
Had we ever guessed the historical importance of this day, had we
expected the impressive and touching episode of German history that
took place on November 9, 1989, had we dared to hope that a dream
three decades old would come true on precisely that day, we would
have held our symposium in the immediate vicinity of the Branden
burg Gate! While it is difficult to describe the atmosphere on that
evening, when the news suddenly spread that "the wall had opened",
it is almost impossible to describe the feeling of fraternity and
sense of belonging that overcame everyone, a feeling that had been
repressed (but never suppressed) for three decades! Berlin M. BROCK
H. M. MAYER K. WEIGEL Contents Introductory Remarks M. BROCK, H. M.
MAYER and K. WEIGEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . .
Functional Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine R. LOUIS (With 4 Figures) .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . .
. Implant Materials H. STALLFORTH, W. WINKLER-GNIEWEK and M.
UNGETHUM (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . Performance of
Alloplastic Materials and Design of an Artificial Disc H. J.
SCHMITZ, B. KADEN, R. T. FRITZ, U. GROSS and G. FUHRMANN (With 9
Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . .
Intradiscal Implants in 1989: Concepts and Possibilities J . A. N.
SHEPPERD (With 4 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35 . . . . . . . Intradiscal Polymerization: Preliminary Results of
Chemical and Biomechanical Studies A. GARCIA, B. LAVIGNOLLE, P.
MORLIER, D. DUCASSOU and C. BAQUEY (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 . . . . . . . Intervertebral
Implants for Fixation and Disc Replacement J. A. N. SHEPPERD (With
6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 Lumbar Interbody Threaded Prostheses C. D. RAY (With 5 Figures)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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