The object of sludge characterization must be to get quantitative mea- sures for sludge behaviour in treatment processes and when disposed of. Thus the incentive for characterization could be one of the following: 1. Because sludges exist in large quantities we want to know the amounts and the expenees involved in their treatment and disposal. 2. Because sludges are environmental nuicances/hazards, energy sourc:-es, fertilizers or even food sources; we want to know their potential. 3. Because the processes change the sludge propert~es, we w~nt to know their "treatability". 4. 5ecause sludges have a history, we want to know how the generation process affects the quantities and the properties of raw sludge. Parallel to the characterization of the sludges runs characterization of the sludge treatment-processes and the environment in which we dispose of the sludge. In the following discussion we will group parameters related to sludges into three cathegories: 1. Sludge Quantity. Both total ~nd per capita sludge production data from all connnon sewage and sludge treatment methods are of "interest. 2. Treatability parameters. These are characteristics of how a sludge behaves in a specific process. Typically; dewaterability and digesta- bility. 3. Sludge quality parameters. These are indicators of how the sludge could influence the environment when disposed of. Sludge quality changes through most sludge treatment processes (stabilization, ther- mal etc.) and include concentrations of chemical compounds, pathogenes etc.

Proceedings of the Third International Symposium held at Brighton, September 27-30, 1983

The challenges of space exploration are a great stimulus to our technologies today. Development of successful aerospace programs has required the best efforts of the scientist and engineer in almost every discipline. Not so long ago, it truly could be said that designers are trying to develop tomorrow's vehicles with yesterday's materials. Unfortunately, we find that the situation remains nearly the same today. The purpose of this conference was to identify materials, proces ses, and methods that show the greatest potential in future space technology and to define the gap between mission requirements and materials application. Of the many properties of materials, the one in which the largest gap between fundamental understanding and practical application appears to exist is the mechanical property, particularly of crystalline materials. The emphasis on crystalline materials is a natural one. It is these materials which are used primarily when demands are placed on mechanical strength, especially at elevated temperatures. The advent of space exploration requires the utilization of materials in environments and under conditions that are a challenge to the resourcefulness and ingenuity of the scientist and engineer. The scientist can, as a result of the past thirty years' work, relate mechanical properties to the formation, motion, and interaction of individual crystalline defects, such as vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations. Furthermore, he can, by controlled preparation of his materials, confine his studies to those cases in which the concentration of crystal defects is conveniently low.

In this volume, the Camnission of the Eurc.pean camunities presents the proceedissJs of the secood Eurc.pean Synpositun en the physioo-chemical behaviour of atIoospheric pollutants. '!bese Symposia are organized in intervals of about t'110 years wi thin the framework of a Concerted Action in this area, which is part of the CCIIlIlIll1ities' research progranure in the environmental field. '!be Eurc.pean CCIIlIlIll1ities co-operate in this area wi th Eurc.pean Non-Member States under an agreement within the frame'llOrk of coor (~ration Scientifique et Technique). This Jlgreement (COOT Project 61a bis) has been signed by the European Communities, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden and Yugoslavia. 'lbe scc.pe of the Concerted Actien is to co-onHnate all research in the area executed in the participatissJ countries and to collect and dissemi- nate the results. The research inventory established comprises 165 individual projects~ regular meetings of 5 WorkissJ Parties permit close contacts amossJst the scientists involved. 'lbe Eurc.pean Syrrposia should pennit fran time to time an overall review of the progress. 'lbe first Symposium held in October 1979 *) permitted to review the state of progress at the beginning of the Concerted Actien. The second Symposium gives now an overview of the important achievements durissJ the past two years. These are evident already fran the number of contri- butions which increased from 45 in 1979 to 74 in 1981. The results collected durissJ this per iod permi tted the presentation of a number of important review papers.

The following papers were presented at an International Workshop on experi mental methodologies and research strategies in sleep, benzodiazepines and per formance during the VII. International Congress of Psychiatry in Vienna 1983. Authors were asked to examine and review the methods used and the results obtained from the various studies within their particular expertise and to provide guidelines for future strategies in the psychopharmacology of sleep. It has long been felt by sleep researchers, psychopharmacologists and clini cians that the effects of drugs on sleep or even sleep itself cannot be evaluated without reference to the daytime behaviour of the individual. Sleep and daytime performance are complementary aspects of the same circadian cycle. The modifi cation of sleep parameters by hypnotic medication must necessarily have an impact upon daytime behaviour. The overall change in a patient's daytime behaviour following nocturnal administration of a benzodiazepine is of importance when considering the toler ability and safety of the drug in clinical use. Alterations to the integrity of daytime performance also have consequences for that patient's subsequent sleep and nocturnal behaviour. Thus this workshop was conceived as a platform for examining the inter relationship of sleep, benzodiazepine hypnotics and daytime performance from pharmacological, psychological, experimental and clinical standpoints. The fol lowing papers also highlight the complexity of the interaction between sleep, patient, drug and daytime performance and emphasize the need to approach problem areas with appropriate research strategies and experimental method ologies."

The object of sludge characterization must be to get quantitative mea- sures for sludge behaviour in treatment processes and when disposed of. Thus the incentive for characterization could be one of the following: 1. Because sludges exist in large quantities we want to know the amounts and the expenees involved in their treatment and disposal. 2. Because sludges are environmental nuicances/hazards, energy sourc:-es, fertilizers or even food sources; we want to know their potential. 3. Because the processes change the sludge propert~es, we w~nt to know their "treatability". 4. 5ecause sludges have a history, we want to know how the generation process affects the quantities and the properties of raw sludge. Parallel to the characterization of the sludges runs characterization of the sludge treatment-processes and the environment in which we dispose of the sludge. In the following discussion we will group parameters related to sludges into three cathegories: 1. Sludge Quantity. Both total ~nd per capita sludge production data from all connnon sewage and sludge treatment methods are of "interest. 2. Treatability parameters. These are characteristics of how a sludge behaves in a specific process. Typically; dewaterability and digesta- bility. 3. Sludge quality parameters. These are indicators of how the sludge could influence the environment when disposed of. Sludge quality changes through most sludge treatment processes (stabilization, ther- mal etc.) and include concentrations of chemical compounds, pathogenes etc.

Praise for Noise Reduction Techniques IN electronic systems

"Henry Ott has literally 'written the book' on the subject of EMC. . . . He not only knows the subject, but has the rare ability to communicate that knowledge to others."
--EE Times

Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering is a completely revised, expanded, and updated version of Henry Ott's popular book Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems. It reflects the most recent developments in the field of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and noise reductionand their practical applications to the design of analog and digital circuits in computer, home entertainment, medical, telecom, industrial process control, and automotive equipment, as well as military and aerospace systems.

While maintaining and updating the core information--such as cabling, grounding, filtering, shielding, digital circuit grounding and layout, and ESD--that made the previous book such a wide success, this new book includes additional coverage of:

Equipment/systems grounding

Switching power supplies and variable-speed motor drives

Digital circuit power distribution and decoupling

PCB layout and stack-up

Mixed-signal PCB layout

RF and transient immunity

Power line disturbances

Precompliance EMC measurements

New appendices on dipole antennae, the theory of partial inductance, and the ten most common EMC problems

The concepts presented are applicable to analog and digital circuits operating from below audio frequencies to those in the GHz range. Throughout the book, an emphasis is placed on cost-effective EMC designs, with the amount and complexity of mathematics kept to the strictest minimum.

Complemented with over 250 problems with answers, Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering equips readers with the knowledge needed to design electronic equipment that is compatible with the electromagnetic environment and compliant with national and international EMC regulations. It is an essential resource for practicing engineers who face EMC and regulatory compliance issues and an ideal textbook for EE courses at the advanced undergraduate and graduate levels.

Not only German Minnesang but also religious songs, historical folksongs, Spruchdichtung and the Gesellschaftslied of the early modern age were the subject of the 12th Anglo-German colloquium that took place from 10 to 14 September 1991 at the FrauenwArth Benedictine convent in Chiemsee. The 22 articles in the present volume are an almost complete record of the papers delivered there. With a broad variety of approaches they address questions of tradition and typology, the relation between text and melody, and the history of the medieval German lied in terms of its motifs, its reception and its function in society.