FirstEdition DUE TO THE necessity to save weight and materialin the design ofmodern structures and machines, stability problems have become increasingly im- portant. The classicalengineering approach to this type of problem has been characterized by the tacit assumption that structures are nongyroscopic conservative systems,that is, bythegeneraladoptionofthemethodsdeveloped for this particular case. During the last decades numerous stability problems of a more complicated nature have become important, and it has therefore become necessary to correlate the various types of problems with the ap- proaches to be used in their solution. The principal object ofthis little bookisthis correlation between the systems to be investigated and the methods to be used for this purpose, In other words, our main concern is the choice of a correct approach. It is evident that this idea renders it necessary to distinguish between the various types of problems or systems. At the same time the similarities and the connections between apparently quite different problems will become obvious, and it will be evident that there islittle differencebetween, say, the buckling of a column, thecritical speed of a turbine shaft, and the stability of an airplane, a control mechanism, or an electric circuit.

O. L. LANGE, P. S. NOBEL, C. B. OSMOND, and H. ZIEGLER In the last volume of the series 'Physiological Plant Ecology' we have asked contributors to address the bases of ecosystem processes in terms of key plant physiological properties. It has often been suggested that it is not profitable to attempt analysis of complex living systems in terms of the properties of component individuals or populations, i. e., the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Nevertheless, assessments of ecological research over the last century show that other approaches are seldom more helpful. Although it is possible to describe complex systems of living organisms in holistic terms, the most useful descriptions are found in terms of the birth, growth and death of individ uals. This allows analysis of performance of the parts of the whole considering their synergistic and antagonistic interrelationships and is the basis for a synthe sis which elucidates the specific properties of a system. Thus it seems that the description of ecosystem processes is inevitably anchored in physiological under standing. If enquiry into complex living systems is to remain a scientific exercise, it must retain tangible links with physiology. Of course, as was emphasized in Vol. 12A, not all of our physiological understanding is required to explore ecosystem processes. For pragmatic purposes, the whole may be adequantely represented as a good deal less than the sum of its parts."

O.L. LANGE, P.S. NOBEL, C.B. OSMOND, and H. ZIEGLER Growth, development and reproductive success of individual plants depend on the interaction, within tolerance limits, of the factors in the physical, chemical and biological environment. The first two volumes of this series addressed fea tures of the physical environment (Vol. 12A) and the special responses of land plants as they relate to water use and carbon dioxide assimilation (Vol. 12B). In this volume we consider specific aspects of the chemical and biological envi ronment, and whereas the previous volumes were primarily concerned with the atmospheric interactions, our emphasis here shifts very much to the soil. This complex medium for plant growth was briefly reviewed in Chapter 17, Volume 12A. Since it is difficult to determine the precise physical and chemical interactions in the soil, it is even more difficult to determine the important biological interactions among organisms. Nevertheless there is growing aware ness of the significance of these interactions and their effects on physiological processes in the individual plant."

Dieses Buch ist aus Vorlesungen entstanden, die ich seit drei Jahrzehnten an der Eidgenoessischen Technischen Hochschule fur die Studierenden des Bau- ingenieurwesens und der Vermessung, des Maschineningenieurwesens und der Elektrotechnik gehalten habe. Es stellt eine Neufassung der Bande I und II der Mechanik dar, welche seit 1946 im gleichen Verlag (ursprunglich unter meinem und dem Namen meines verehrten Lehrers und Vorgangers, Prof. Dr. ERNST MEISSNER) erschienen ist. Ich habe den schon in der 3. Auflage der fruheren Fassung begonnenen Modemisierungsprozess hier ein Stuck weitergefuhrt und versucht, das Buch theoretisch zu straffen und gleichzeitig in methodischer Hinsicht den heutigen Bedurfnissen anzupassen. So wurde die Kinematik, die ja unmittelbar an die Geometrie anknupft und daher dem Studierenden nur geringe Anfangsschwie- rigkeiten macht, an die Spitze gestellt. Mit dieser Anordnung kann der Begriff der Leistung fruhzeitig definiert werden. Das bietet den Vorteil, dass sowohl die Statik wie die Kinetik allein auf ein verallgemeinertes Reaktionsprinzip sowie das Prinzip der virtuellen Leistungen gegrundet und damit von zahl- reichen uberflussigen Axiomen befreit werden koennen. Die beiden Prinzipien lassen sich von Anfang an in einer fur beliebige Koerper gultigen Gestalt formu- lieren, und damit kann auf die nur historisch gerechtfertigte, sachlich aber an- fechtbare Praxis verzichtet werden, die Mechanik raumlich ausgedehnter Koerper aus derjenigen der Massenpunkte zu entwickeln. Aus didaktischen sowie historischen Grunden erscheint es freilich vernunftig, die Axiome der Punkt- mechanik zu erwahnen und auch zu verwenden, auch wenn sie sich schliesslich als Konsequenzen der beiden genannten Prinzipien herausstellen.

Organismus nicht. Erst wenn wir beriicksichtigen, daB aIle busal bedingten Vorgange auch gesteuert werden oder einen Regelkreis bilden, kommen wir dem Wesen des Organismus aIs einer natiirlichen Einheit naher. Wenn aber irgendwelche Vorgiinge gesteuert werden, so muB ein bestimmtes Ziel gegeben sein. Dies gilt fiir biologische Reaktionen gleichermaBen wie fiir automatisierte Betriebe. Ihre gesteuerten Mechanismen versteht man erst, wenn man das Ziel, das erreicht werden soIl, kennt. Bei einem Organismus ist dies letzten Endes seine Erhaltung in einer stets wechselnden Umwelt bis zur Aus- bildung der Fortpflanzungsorgane und der Erzeugung von N achkommen, wo- durch erst die Erhaltung der Art gesichert ist (vgl. S. 192). Jeder gesteuerte oder geregelte Mechanismus funktioniert nur unter bestimm- ten Voraussetzungen. Eine nicht vorgesehene StorgroBe (= AuBeneinfiuB) kann den Mechanismus zerstoren. Dasselbe gilt auch fiir einen Organismus, der nur in einer bestimmten Umwelt funktionsfahig ist. Seine Regelkreise, die einen bestimmten Zustand (die RegelgroBe), moglichst konstant halten, miissen jedoch flexibel sein, weil die natiirliche Umwelt stets wechselnd und in bestimmten Grenzen unbestandig ist. Die Steuerung wird unter vollkommen unnatiirlichen Be- dingungen im Laboratorium oder auch bei Versuchen im Freien, etwa infolge der Einwirkung von nicht-natiirlichen chemischen Verbindungen oder auch von natiirlichen Verbindungen in unnatiirlich hohen Konzentrationen, versagen. Als Folge davon wird der Organismus Abnormitaten aufweisen und geschadigt oder gar ganz zugrunde gehen.

Es ist meistens ein zufalliger AnlaB, der zu dem Entstehen eines Werkes dieser Art ftihrt: Vor mehreren lahren hatten einige Kollegen an der Technischen Uni- versiHit Mtinchen eine Ringvorlesung tiber Biophysik durchgeftihrt, in welcher nicht nur Physiker sondern auch Chemiker, Biochemiker und Biologen zu W orte kamen, mit dem Wunsch, die physikalisch orientierten Prinzipien ihrer Disziplinen darzustellen. Aus dieser V orlesung ist dieses Buch hervorgegangen - allerdings in nicht unbetrachtlich erweiterter Form und mit z. T. neuen Autoren. Was ist Biophysik? Wie immer bei Grenzgebieten Wit es schwer, prazise Defini- tionen zu finden. Es ist ferner unmoglich, Biophysik zu betreiben, wenn man nicht gewisse Grundkenntnisse der Biologie, der Physik, der physikalischen Chemie, der Chemie und der Biochemie besitzt. Ftir den Entwurf eines biophysikalischen Lehr- buches ergibt sich damit sofort die Frage, ob man den Studenten auf die Literatur dieser N achbargebiete verweisen solI, wobei ihm dann die Auswahl des notwendigen Wissensstoffes tiberlassen ware. Wir waren der Meinung, daB es ntitzlicher und zeitsparender ist, wenn er den ausgewahlten "Zusatzwissensstoff' in konzentrierter Form im Rahmen der Biophysik-Vorlesung geboten bekommt. Auch in diesem Buch wird man daher Beitrage tiber die Struktur und Funktion der Zelle, tiber den chemischen Bau von biogenen Makromolekiilen, aber auch tiber theoretische Chemie usw. finden. Wiederholen wir die Frage, was ist Biophysik? MtiB man Physiologie, Elektro- medizin, Strahlenmedizin usw. auch hinzurechnen? Das Bild der Biophysik hat sich in den letzten lahren sehr gewandelt.

Mit Beitragen zahlreicher Fachwissenschaftler

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. ++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification: ++++ Rom Und Das Christenthum Theodor Keim Heinrich Ziegler G. Reimer, 1881 Church history; Rome

Sex, seduction, and the perfect marriage. Though it may not have been the intent of Genesis 1-3, the biblical first couple has been used for generations to sell consumable goods and strange ideologies--both salacious and holy--to willing western masses. And, Linda Schearing and Valarie Ziegler argue, Adam and Eve have become archetypal figures for secular and religious society alike as they are transplanted from their ancient garden to a more modern Eden, often with eyebrow-raising consequences. Finding common ground between both religious and secular recastings of Adam and Eve, Schearing and Ziegler offer page-turning evidence of just how ubiquitous the first couple has become. From online dating services and promises of God-ordained romance to the advertising and selling of games, bathroom fixtures, and even risqué bloomers, Adam and Eve are a hot commodity in modern culture. These strange, confusing, often humorous, and sometimes shocking accounts testify to the myriad of ways in which Genesis 1-3 has been recycled and recreated in the popular imagination, and moreover, in promotion of the Western worldview.

Told through the eyes of Isabel Ziegler, this book provides an important contribution to the historical literature of Espanola, New Mexico and the surrounding communities through its portraits of local people and events. Isabel and her husband, Dr. Samuel Ziegler, and their two young sons moved to Espanola in early 1946 as a result of Dr. Ziegler's having been invited to help build a local hospital. The Zieglers soon became involved in their community. Isabel helped start a local library, was a member of the noted local trio, Las Conquistadoras, and became the first woman president of the Espanola Chamber of Commerce. Dr. Ziegler carried on a busy medical practice as general surgeon and physician, and also served on the Espanola City Council for over twenty years-even running for State Senator against northern New Mexico Democratic boss, Emilio Naranjo. Included are stories about Arthur and Phoebe Pack of the Ghost Ranch in Abiquiu who were the original donors for the hospital; Carolyn Dozier, a helper and friend of Isabel's from Santa Clara Pueblo; and Ben Talachi, a San Juan Indian who worked for the Zieglers at their home. There are also accounts of the Zieglers' experiences with Hamilton and Jean Garland of the fabled Swan Lake Ranch in Alcalde, and with the retired concert pianist John Marsh and his wife, Mary, from nearby Quartales. Lastly, there is a memorable portrait of Georgia O'Keeffe who was a patient of Dr. Ziegler's for over 30 years, and a friend of the family. The book also reveals accounts of local politics and business, always with attention given to local people who participated. All in all, an important insight into the working and development of a local community.

This scarce antiquarian book is a selection from Kessinger Publishing's Legacy Reprint Series. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment to protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature. Kessinger Publishing is the place to find hundreds of thousands of rare and hard-to-find books with something of interest for everyone

"The editors have performed a great service in making widely available a documentary history of the interpretation of the Eve and Adam story." Publishers Weekly

"This fascinating volume examines Genesis 1-3 and the different ways that Jewish, Christian, and Muslim interpreters have used these passages to define and enforce gender roles.... a 'must'... " Choice

"Wonderful A marvelous introduction to the ways in which the three major Western religious traditions are both like, and unlike one another." Ellen Umansky, Fairfield University

No other text has affected women in the western world as much as the story of Eve and Adam. This remarkable anthology surveys more than 2,000 years of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim commentary and debate on the biblical story that continues to raise fundamental questions about what it means to be a man or to be a woman. The selections range widely from early postbiblical interpretations in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha to the Qur an, from Thomas Aquinas to medieval Jewish commentaries, from Christian texts to 19th-century antebellum slavery writings, and on to pieces written especially for this volume."