First published in 1976. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 1976. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Part of a series designed to involve language teachers in their own professional development, this book shows how discourse analysis can provide important insights for the language teacher. It explains the relevant theory and applies it to classroom activities. It is part of a scheme designed to involve language teachers in their own professional development, acting as a guide in the processes of critical enquiry and informed practice.

Explains what grammar really is, why languages have to have it, and how different languages exploit it. An introduction by leading grammar expert Michael Swan on the theoretical and pedagogical approaches to grammatical description, the notion of 'universal grammar', the role of grammar in establishing social and educational norms, and the possible future grammar of International English. The author shows that grammar need not be tedious at all, but provides fascinating insights into the different ways in which we conceive of the world and communicate with others.

Phonetics is an essential part of linguistics, as it is through analysing spoken language that linguistic data is collected. This book leads the reader through the main areas of phonetics, including how speech sounds are made and how phoneticians classify them in certain ways, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and how sounds are transmitted from speaker to hearer.

Testing is only one component in the evaluation process. This book shows how this process can form an integral part of teaching and learning, how it can provide teachers and other ELT professionals with valuable data that can be used to inform, and develop classroom practice. It both examines the principles underlying evaluation and provides practical guidance in the planning of evaluation activities.