First published in 1976. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First published in 1976. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Phonetics is an essential part of linguistics, as it is through analysing spoken language that linguistic data is collected. This book leads the reader through the main areas of phonetics, including how speech sounds are made and how phoneticians classify them in certain ways, the International Phonetic Alphabet, and how sounds are transmitted from speaker to hearer.

Part of a series designed to involve language teachers in their own professional development, this book shows how discourse analysis can provide important insights for the language teacher. It explains the relevant theory and applies it to classroom activities. It is part of a scheme designed to involve language teachers in their own professional development, acting as a guide in the processes of critical enquiry and informed practice.

Testing is only one component in the evaluation process. This book shows how this process can form an integral part of teaching and learning, how it can provide teachers and other ELT professionals with valuable data that can be used to inform, and develop classroom practice. It both examines the principles underlying evaluation and provides practical guidance in the planning of evaluation activities.