Until not too many years ago, the Italian government bond market, though the third largest in the world in terms of size, was characterised by numerous inefficiencies and problems regarding both policy in managing the public debt and the operation of the market. These aspects tended to isolate the Italian market from the international fmancial community and to keep large, international investors away from our market. As the situation with Italy's public finances grew worse and with financial markets being deregulated and expanding internationally, several direct measures were taken in recent years to encourage an even greater recourse to the Italian government securities market and to improve it's efficiency. Innovations in techniques for issuing government bonds, the creation of an automated trading system for Italian state securities, and the launch of a futures market in Italy, too, have all been useful measures in getting the Italian market closer to international standards. The measures adopted by economic policy authorities have often been inspired by the works developed by various study groups instituted by the treasury Ministry as well as by research coming from the academic world. Likewise, many measures aimed at improving the government bond market have been realised thanks to the important contribution of the trade associations and the main financial intermediaries operating in Italy, whose studies, suggestions and proposals have been based on operating expertise built up over decades.

This volume puts forward a group of models applied to different economies, capturing the progress and growth of their economic systems. The models provide a quantified framework for the formulation of economic policy. They aid the introduction of targets and policy instruments taking account of constraints in the process of development. Also, an evaluation of external and internal shocks is taken using a comparative static type of analysis. The models take into account constraints which are in the nature of institutional as well as supply constraints. Problems of data exist in any quantitative analysis and account was taken of this factor in presenting the models and the results reached. Nonetheless, the models attempt to specify, estimate and simulate a given macroeconomic system. Models of this type are not freely available to the interested reader, but only in a fragmented way. This book puts the efforts of a group of economists worldwide under one cover. It is believed that the collection will be of interest both for courses in planning and for those adviSing these countries such as international organizations, research bodies, etc. Moreover, an overview of trade policy and income distributional factors is presented. It is hoped that this collection will prove interesting and useful to economists world wide.

The Spanish economy has undergone an unprecedented period of growth since the country's entry into the EU. This volume provides a detailed and comprehensive assessment of its performance in the 1990s, which places this growth in context and examines Spain's future prospects of successfully qualifying for European Economic and Monetary Union. The book analyzes recent structural changes in the Spanish economy and macroeconomic performance, as well as developments in government policy. It also contains detailed empirical studies of recent reforms in the labour market, changes in industry, and the effects of privatization.

A detailed analysis of the economic effects of the changeover to a unified European currency and the pressures caused by a dual-currency system over the transition period to the Euro. Subjects discussed include:
* fiscal transfer payments: the implications of the US structure for the EMU
* consequences of parallel currency 1999-2002
* feasibility of a single currency without the exchange rate mechanism
* the relationship between the UK and Europe
* accounts of moves towards monetary union in Austria, Portugal and Finland.

This volume puts forward a group of models applied to different economies, capturing the progress and growth of their economic systems. The models provide a quantified framework for the formulation of economic policy. They aid the introduction of targets and policy instruments taking account of constraints in the process of development. Also, an evaluation of external and internal shocks is taken using a comparative static type of analysis. The models take into account constraints which are in the nature of institutional as well as supply constraints. Problems of data exist in any quantitative analysis and account was taken of this factor in presenting the models and the results reached. Nonetheless, the models attempt to specify, estimate and simulate a given macroeconomic system. Models of this type are not freely available to the interested reader, but only in a fragmented way. This book puts the efforts of a group of economists worldwide under one cover. It is believed that the collection will be of interest both for courses in planning and for those adviSing these countries such as international organizations, research bodies, etc. Moreover, an overview of trade policy and income distributional factors is presented. It is hoped that this collection will prove interesting and useful to economists world wide.

THE EUROPEAN SINGLE MARKET This volume comprises a collection of papers, some of which were presented at different workshops organized by the European Economics and Financial Centre (London), in conjunction with various European central banks. In addition the book contains, in Chapter 2, the text of a memorial lecture on Trade and Financial Relationships of the US and Europe given by this author in New York. The lecture, known as the Henry George Lecture, was given at St John's University in New York in April 1993. The workshops were part of a series of workshops, the first of which was hosted by the Central Bank of Finland. At these workshops usually some 20 central banks from Europe, the Federal Reserve Board and various other central banks were present. Furthermore the workshops contain papers from international organizations such as the OECD, European Commission, Bank for International Settlement, government ministries, commercial banks, re search institutes and academics from Europe and elsewhere. The two workshops from which some of these papers were drawn were those held at the Central Bank of the Netherlands and the Central Bank of Austria. The workshop held at the Central Bank of the Netherlands (De Nederlandsche Bank), was on Policy Coordination, and took place during 2-4 November, 1992. The one held at the Central Bank of Austria (6stereichische Bank), was on Policy Formulation in Interdependent Market, and took place during 24-26 March 1993."

Until not too many years ago, the Italian government bond market, though the third largest in the world in terms of size, was characterised by numerous inefficiencies and problems regarding both policy in managing the public debt and the operation of the market. These aspects tended to isolate the Italian market from the international fmancial community and to keep large, international investors away from our market. As the situation with Italy's public finances grew worse and with financial markets being deregulated and expanding internationally, several direct measures were taken in recent years to encourage an even greater recourse to the Italian government securities market and to improve it's efficiency. Innovations in techniques for issuing government bonds, the creation of an automated trading system for Italian state securities, and the launch of a futures market in Italy, too, have all been useful measures in getting the Italian market closer to international standards. The measures adopted by economic policy authorities have often been inspired by the works developed by various study groups instituted by the treasury Ministry as well as by research coming from the academic world. Likewise, many measures aimed at improving the government bond market have been realised thanks to the important contribution of the trade associations and the main financial intermediaries operating in Italy, whose studies, suggestions and proposals have been based on operating expertise built up over decades.