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Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world
today, as it affects all sectors of life, be it global economics or
human rights activism; timely action is required to avoid global
catastrophe. Understanding the importance of climate change
mitigation, renewable energies, clean technologies, and green
development has become necessary for effective leadership. The
Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and
Strategies provides the necessary information to reduce the climate
change vulnerability of socio-economic systems in the most
cost-effective manner. This handbook of research is ideal for
policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government
agencies, businesses, and professionals looking to temper the
effects of climate change.
The emergence of modern technologies such as Biotechnology,
Recombinant DNA, organ transplantation, gene therapy etc have
raised new ethical questions, rather "dilemmas," for humankind.
With technological development and advancement in social, economic
and educational spheres the ethical questions are expected to
become more significant in Pakistan as well. The study recommends
that more organized awareness campaigns are required to educate the
masses. The educational institutions should revise their curricula
to include discussions on bioethical questions. The study also
recommends thorough and detailed legislation and formulation of
regulatory mechanism for bioethical issues. Keeping in view the
responses regarding the role of religion, it is proposed that
religious scholars may be consulted during formulation of laws,
rules and regulations. Their should also be Codes of Ethics for
professionals associated with Bioethical issues. A core group of
experts is needed for guiding the government and the public at
large.
The importance of rice for our country is manifold as it is an
agricultural commodity that adds 20% FEC to the national foreign
exchange reserves. Seed is a living tissue carries a genetic
potential.Failing of seeds to germinate under environmental
conditions optimal for germination is called dormancy. True
dormancy caused by the conditions within the seed that prevent
germination. Thus dormancy is a state of seed, not of the
environment, that reduces seed germination and breaking dormancy,
could be one of the most important factor for early germination.
Whereas the wild species of rice offer an important source of
variability for improvement of cultivated rice. Keeping in view of
its importance the present work has been attempted to break
dormancy of both the wild species and cultivated rice with
different treatments. The outcome of breaking dormancy was the
early germination, to increase survival percentage, shorten the
nursery period and reduced maturity days.This book describe all the
possible dormancy breaking methods of wild species and cultivated
varities of rice. This may be helpful & used as protocol in
future research studies by researchers.
The present study is an attempt to investigate the Plant
Biodiversity of Batrasi Pass with special reference to its
Conservation status .The studies were conducted in different
seasons during the year during 2007 and 2008. The plants were
collected from different habitats, which were later dried and
preserved at Hazara University Herbarium for further investigation.
A total of 145 species are represented in the area including2
species of bryophytes, 4 species of pteridiophytes,5 species of
Gymnosperms, and 113 species of Angiosperms. Among the Gymnosperms
4 genera and 5 species are found whereas in Angiosperms 46 families
(21 species of Monocot belonging to 3 families, and 113 species
belong of Diocot belonging to 43 families) were collected from the
area.
Peshawar Valley, the main drainage basin of Kabul River is widely
known for its fertile land, intact wetland and diverse cultural and
biological resources. This dissertation is an outcome of an effort
to record species diversity of unicellular Green algae from the
Valley. Sum of 10 genera with 70 species of Unicellular Green
Algae, Chlorophyta were collected and identified from different
localities of District Peshawar. The most frequent genus in term of
species was Tetraedron with 24 species (34.28 %). Other frequent
genera were Closterium 10 species (14.28 %), Cosmarium 9 species
(12.85%), Characium 9 species (12.85%) and Chlamydomonas 5 species
(7.14%). The genera Ankistrodesmus and Oocystis were represented by
4 species each (5.71%), Chlorella and Carteria 2 species each
(2.85%) and Closteriopsis only a single species (1.42%).
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most important
Flavivirida infections with significant clinical problems
throughout the world in humans. Six major Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
genotypes and hundreds of subtypes have been identified globally.
All these genotypes are generally studied for epidemiology, their
vaccine development and clinical management. This thesis comments
the frequency distribution of various HCV genotypes circulate in
different areas/districts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhaw Province of
Pakistan. Out of the tested samples, genotype specific PCR
fragments were observed in 299 (74.82%) patient serum samples. The
distribution of genotypes of the typeable samples was as follows: 3
patients (0.72%) each were infected with genotype 1a and genotype
1b; 240 patients (80.26%) of genotype 3a; 25 patients (6.00%)
genotype 3b; and 28 patients (6.73%) were observed as with mixed
genotypic infection. Sums of 116 serum samples (27.88%) were still
found untypeable by the used molecular genotyping system. In
conclusion, HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a and 3b are distributed in
various parts of KPK among which the genotype 3a is the most
frequent genotype.
The Hindu Kush, some 800 km long mountain range forms the
geopolitical boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan. An
extensive survey was carried out during summer 2009 to document the
traditional knowledge about the medicinal use of plants by the
dwellers of one of the remote valley in Hindu Kush Mountains. The
study showed that local inhabitants not only use medicinal plants
for curing various diseases but also earn a substantial part of
their livelihood by selling some of them in the markets. One
hundred and fourteen of the medicinal plants were recognized to use
as diuretic, laxative, antiseptic, anthelmintic, carminative,
expectorant, astringent and purgative agents. Thirty species of
them are also collected for trade purposes. According to the
interviewed population, the availability of medicinal plants is
decreasing day by day due to increasing human population, extensive
grazing, increase in market demand and unwise collection.
Therefore, study recommended that governmental and non-governmental
organizations should play their possible role to aware the local
people about threats to the plants and their sustainable future.
This book is focused on the vegetation of Upper river Siran
Catchments.some suggesions have been given for the improvement of
vegetation.A large number of information has been given in this
book for new researcher regarding Phytosociology.this is an
initiative towards the protection and conservation of
vegetation.nowadays pollution is increasing rapidly in Pakistan due
to different factors and our environment is going to be
deteriorated. This book has been written to suggest the prevention
of ruthless cutting of plants for timber and fuel purposes. .As for
as fuel needs are concerned this book recommends alternative and
fast growing species of plants so that our valuable plants are
protected.
The present study reveals 106 trees species of Disrict Abbottabd.
53 Trees species were found to be of medicinal importance, used to
treat various ailments. These are used either alone or in
combination with other plants. The study explores several new
recipes, not reported in literature. The present study shows that
District Abbottabad is home to a vast diversity of medicinal trees.
Despite a gradual sociocultural transformation, local communities
still possess substantial knowledge of plants and their uses. The
reliance on folk medicines for healthcare is associated with the
lack of modern medicines and medication, poverty and traditional
belief in their effectiveness. Since there is a complete lack of
phytotherapeutic evidence for many of the species, it is
recommended that phytochemical and pharmacological studies be
carried out in order to confirm the validity of properties
attributed to these species. The study suggests tree species of
economic importance, including fuelwood, timber yielding, erosion
control, shade producing, edible fruits, vegetable species, hedging
and fencing, making agriculture appliances and other uses.
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is one of the most
important cereal grain crop of the world and is cultivated over a
wide range of climatic conditions. For a successful breeding
program the inheritance of yield related traits is a pre-
requisite. This monograph communicates the inheritance pattern of
yield and related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
using 8x8 diallel analyses. Graphical analysis revealed additive
gene action for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height,
grains per spike, 1000 grains weight and harvest index. While over
dominance gene action for flag leaf area, tillers per plant, Spike
length and yield per plant. The GCA mean squares were significant
for all traits except tiller per plant and yield per plant and were
greater than SCA mean squares indicating the preponderance of
additive genetic effects. The parents Tkb, Tat, Sarc-3 and SQ- 92
were good general combiners. The parents Tkb, Tat, Sarc-3 and SQ-92
and the specific crosses that showed high mid parent and better
parent heterosis are recommended for further use in wheat breeding
programmes.
A Valley of lush green meadows strewn with an amazing variety of
wild alpine flowers which support rich and spectacular plant
biodiversity of great scientific curiosity and promising economic
values. This work based on the results of a project conducted in
the remote West Himalayan region of Palas Valley, in order to
evaluate and analyze medicinal flora of the area. Survey was
carried out in 2006 which reveals 64 plant species belonging to 46
families and 59 genera, under ethnomedicinal utility by the local
inhabitants of Palas Valley. Among these 35 were herbs, 12 shrubs,
13 trees and 4 climbers. Most plant species are used for different
ailments and have significant role in the primary health care of
the area. It was concluded from research that Sustainable medicinal
plants collection and conservation practices are strongly
desirable. The long term management and sustainable use of theses
important and globally rich plant resources will provide livelihood
security of the targeted community for present and future
generations of the area.
Screening of the genotypes through plasmid assisted technology
provides an efficient and handy tool for elaborating genetic
relationships among the genotypes. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes
(populations) obtained from different sources were analyzed through
RAPD, DNA markers for evaluation of intraspecific DNA variations.
The results revealed that significant variations were present in
minor bands. Major bands also showed significant diversity.
Variations were also recorded in the density of some common bands.
Maximum and minimum Genetic Diversity i.e., 80% and 20% was found
among 08 and 23 comparisons respectively in banding profile. These
variations can be used for enhancing variability, a prerequisite
for crop breeding. Phylogenetic clustering of the genotypes
revealed that genetic diversity is independent of origin or source
of the genotypes. Forty eight genotypes of pea clustered in three
main groups A, B and C comprising 23, 5 and 20 genotypes,
respectively. A1 and C1 included the most distantly related
genotypes and hence can be recommended for breeding to obtain
genetically diverse populations.
The present study was carried out in 2006-7 to explore and document
ethnomedicinal profile and conservation status of Plant
biodiversity in "Alexander the Great Valley" Hindukash range,
District Shangla, Pakistan. It is one of world's most interesting
and historical areas, not only for its natural resources and
medicinal plant diversity but also for old relics or ruins of
Alexander the Great that is attracting national and global
interest. Study revealed that there were 32 medicinal plants
belonging to 26 families. Herbaceous layer (19 species) were found
to be the most used life forms followed by trees (6 species),
shrubs (4 species), Climbers (2 species) and Saprophytes (1) in
descending order. For knowing the ethno medicinal and socio
economic profile of the people, a simple questionnaire was
developed and filled through interviews. The botanical name,
followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses
in different folk was recorded. Present investigation confined to
document medicinal uses of plants utilized by local peoples.
The present work was carried out to study the chromosomal
morphology and behavior of Allium cepa L. Chromosomes. Metaphase-I
of Meiosis was selected for karyotyping. It is concluded that the
total length of haploid genome was 35.5 RLM.The absolute length
ranges from 78-148 RLM excluding the satellite chromosome. The
satellite chromosome was numbered 8, having relative length of 165
RLM and arm ratio ranging from 1.08-1.83. The arm ratio shows that
the chromosomal complement consists of 4-metacentric and
3-submetacentric chromosomes.
Accumulation of heavy metals in living organisms provides a handy
reference for elaborating the nature and extent of chemical
pollution in water bodies. Kabul River, the major source of
drinking and irrigation water for millions of people in Afghanistan
and Pakistan,is contaminated with heavy metals from variety of
sources, which need to be checked, for safeguarding fish habitat
and securing consumers health. A research study of Hazara
University is presented here shows the load of heavy metals
accumulation in body parts of common fishes. The fishes analysed
for this purpose included Wallago attu, Aorichthys seenghala,
Cyprinus carpio, Labeo dyocheilus and Ompok bimaculatous,caught
from the Peshawar Valley section of Kabul River.It was observed
that the bioaccumulation of Zn, Cr and Pb was very high in fishs as
compared Cd and Pb. Furthermore the concentration of Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd
and Pb in fish samples, were exceeding the RDA limits. It can be
concluded that continuous use of these fishes may cause health
problems of different kinds to fish consumers. The issue needs
proper attention at national and local levels.
"Ephedra" is a gymnospermic genus of Gnetales and family
Ephedraceae. The genus is represented by forty-two species from the
world, among them nine are provisionally reported from Pakistan. It
is recognized for fourteen phyto-chemicals, among them ephedrine
and pseudo-ephedrine are the most important, widely used as
bronchodilators and decongestants. Traditionally the plant is used
for respiratory tract diseases and to enhance the effect of snuff.
Besides its use as medicine, some of its species are used as diet
supplement for weight reduction. Quantity and quality of chemicals
present in the genus vary species to species. Hence, it is
important to properly identify the plant and get benefit from its
valuable chemicals. Conventional tools of taxonomy can identify the
genus but overlapping morphological features of the plant creates
problems in proper alignment of species. PCR based Molecular
markers e.g. RAPDs can help to delineate various field specimens
with high accuracy and thus provide a handy tool for
identification.
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