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Household savings is the key determinant of economic development by
inducing domestic savings and ultimately investment. It also leads
to high employment, industrial growth, improvement in quality of
products; stabilize prices and higher GDP growth rate. The present
study is an attempt to examine various factors influencing saving
behavior among lower, middle and higher income groups; and Rural
and Urban regions. In this study, primary source of data is
collected through random sampling technique. Ordinary Least square
method is employed and econometric problems are also removed from
the estimated models (i.e. Heteroskedasticity, Multicollinearity
etc.). This study will really help the graduate students that how
to conduct research at primary level, how to solve various problems
of survey, how to organize and arrange the results using
econometric methods. Moreover, the study shows that how to
elaborate survey results at preliminary level using percentages and
graphs.
Discussion related to sex and reproduction is somehow considered
taboo subject for women living in traditional cultures.
Reproductive Health is a neglected issue among majority of rural
women. This book draws its data from ethnographic study conducted
in village Burhan, District Attock, Pakistan. The principal
objective of the study was to explore socio-cultural context in
which process of reproduction takes place. Key research questions
which this study tries to answer include how women complete
different stages of reproductive cycle (Pregnancy, Delivery and
Confinement), their right to decide the number and spacing of
children, their consent for marriage and equality in Marriage,
nature of spousal communication on fertility related issues, access
and information related to appropriate family planning services and
their right to safe abortion and post abortion care. The findings
of this study suggest strengthening of socio-economic status of
women in order to give them a sense of belonging, responsibility
and role in contributing towards the development of the society as
a whole.
Present study was conducted in District Gujrat to investigate the
impact of the microcredit scheme of Punjab Rural Support Program
(PRSP) on women's empowerment. Researches throughout the developing
world have highlighted the impact of microcredit programs on
women's empowerment. This research was divided into three main
sections. First section deals with the status of women at housed
level before taking microcredit while second and third sections
deal with the impact of microcredit in raising women's awareness
and women's empowerment after taking microcredit. In the second
section information was analyzed that whether microcredit increased
the awareness among women regarding their status, legal rights and
importance of say at household level. In the last section a
situational analysis of the women after taking microcredit is
presented. The data analysis has shown that there is a positive
impact of microcredit program introduced by PRSP in the rural
Gujrat on women's empowerment.
This book is based on the ethnographic study conducted in
Imambargah Hussainyia in Rural Jhang, Pakistan. The main aim of
this research was to investigate the ways of Muharram rituals
performance among the Shi'a devotees in the locale. Researchers
have used mix methods to investigate the intensity and magnitude of
the rituals performance. The inhabitants perform following rituals
during the month of Muharram; matam, majales, taziya, processions,
alam, zuljinah, langar, and visitation of the holy shrines.
According to Shi'a Muslims, these rituals were started soon after
the incident of the Karbala in 61 year of Islamic Calendar. With
the passage of time, these rituals matured and altered by the
devotees of differences races and regions. In the present study
area, people practice these rituals as a part of their daily
activities and they love to practice the teachings of their Imams.
For the community members, Muharram is a month of symbolic
association of the Shi'as towards their Imams. Practices they
perform are venerating them to the cohesion and letting them to
develop a strong association at communal level.
Revisiting Migration Issues in Pakistan is a collection of
articles, based on the primary research conducted by the different
scholars across Pakistan. It mainly addresses the international
migration related issues in Pakistan. Few of the articles are
addressing the general patterns of international migration and its
impact on the local communities in Pakistan while there are some
articles on the issues of utilization patterns of international
remittances. Subsequently, this book also focuses on the brain
drain issues and how the internationalization of the job market has
increased the chances for the skilled persons to move abroad for
the search of reasonable professions. The article presented in this
book shows that migration of the parents had inverse affect on the
education performance of their children left behind. Last article
of the book addresses the problems of the social integration of the
Pakistani migrants living in Norway.
Present study is based on anthropological fieldwork conducted in
2005-06. This research tries explores the major reasons of
sectarian divide in early Muslim society and its expansion to the
later period. It also investigates the major causes and
consequences of sectarian conflict in district Jhang. The District
Jhang among others faced worst nature of sectarian conflict in the
history of Pakistan. The sectarianism here in Jhang is a conflict
between Shiites and Deobandis. Throughout the last three decades
sectarian clashes increased dramatically in Jhang. According to the
office records of Jhang District Police Officer (DPO), 123
sectarian clashes were registered in various Police Stations from
1989 to 2002. These clashes produced high uncertainty among
inhabitants with large-scale emigration; affected businesses; and
unprecedented deaths on both sides. There are different precursors
of this sectarian conflict. Among others theological difference;
religious leaders' strife and political patronage; and ethnic
identities of the inhabitants are the major determinants of this
conflict.
The present study intends to analyze the impact of women's
education on maternal health care utilization in rural areas of
District Gujrat. A survey was conducted in one Union Council
(Kunjah) of Tehsil Gujrat. A sample of 139 female respondents
(delivered a baby having the age group of 6 weeks to 8 months) was
drawn with the help of simple random sampling technique. List of
females was collected from Union Council Office. Interview schedule
was developed to collect relevant information from the respondents.
Univariat tables were constructed to show frequency distribution
and percentages. Cross-tabulations were constructed to show the
relationship of different variables. Statistical test Tau-b and
Gamma was used to test the hypothesis. A great significance was
seen after the data analysis and interpretation between women's
education and maternal health care utilization in the selected
Union Council of District Gujrat.
Fertility Behaviour of Rural Women in Pakistan illustrates an
anthropological perspective of all social and cultural factors
which affect the ideas, attitudes and beliefs of rural women that
underpin their fertility behaviour and eventually the process of
fertility decline. The principal objective of the research was to
explore the relationship between social norms, individual beliefs
and fertility. The main argument, which emerged from this study, is
that the large family has immense social and cultural significance
for variety of reasons related to status, prestige, income and
security. This study also highlighted this fact that women
subjugated position does not really allow them to effectively
participate in the decision making process with regards to
fertility regulation because of the social constraints and
culturally or traditionally defined norms. Thus, the fertility of a
woman is not actually controlled by her; rather the social
environment in which she lives.
Fighting against poverty is one of the core objectives of United
Nation Development Programme (UNDP) under the project the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The potential to gain economic
opportunities depends on the scale of access to monetary services.
Micro finance made possible the access of the poor to the economic
opportunities and enhanced their income in order to come out of the
poverty cycle. The main objective of the study was to explore the
impact of micro credit provided by NRSP on poverty alleviation in
Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A survey with the help of purposive sampling
was conducted and 100 borrowers of NRSP were selected as respondent
from five villages. The result shows that Micro credit had made a
significant difference in improving income levels of the borrowers.
Micro credit is an effective tool which works as a mediator towards
the improved livelihood of the loonies and also enhances their
income. Borrowers were satisfied by the utilization of micro credit
in a productive and purposeful way. People in rural areas have been
benefiting from micro credit scheme.
Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is an important and is a good
source of proteins, vitamins and minerals. In Pakistan local
strains of mushroom are cultivated on various agricultural
by-products as substrate. The widely used substrate for cultivation
of the Oyster mushroom in Asia is rice straw. Keeping in view, its
importance as a good source of energetic product having high
protein value, the present studies were conducted to investigate
the yield of exotic strains on cotton waste alone and were compared
with amended rice husk under our natural environmental conditions.
It was found that cotton waste + rice substrate gave the maximum
yield of edible mushroom with the strain P. (sajor-caju)
pulmonarious (WC-537) as compared to the substrate applied alone.
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