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The book explores how small states adjust their military strategies
in response to external shocks. Using primary sources from four
Nordic countries, (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), this
volume explores how small states have adjusted their military
strategies in response to external shocks of the 21st century. The
9/11 terrorist attacks, the Russian interventions in Georgia and
Ukraine, and the rise of the Islamic State have all forced the
Nordic states to adopt new strategies. While the responses have not
been uniform, their differing relations to the EU and NATO have not
prevented these countries from behaving similarly in military
affairs. Limitations in military capacity has led all four
countries to pursue strategies that include cooperation with more
resourceful partners. It is necessary for them to cooperate with
others to protect and promote their national interests. Moreover,
the Nordic cosmopolitan outlook expresses milieu-shaping ambitions
that we generally would not expect small states to pursue against a
potential great power aggressor. This book will be of much interest
to students of military strategy, defense studies, security
studies, and international relations.
This book explores the military strategies of the five
system-determining great powers during the twenty-first century.
The book's point of departure is that analyses of countries'
defence strategies should acknowledge that states come in various
shapes and sizes and that their strategic choices are affected by
their perceptions of their position in the international system and
by power asymmetries between more and less resourceful states. This
creates a diversity in strategies that is often overlooked in
theoretically oriented analyses. The book examines how five major
powers - the United States, China, the United Kingdom, France and
Russia - have adjusted their strategies to improve or maintain
their relative position and to manage power asymmetries during the
twenty-first century. It also develops and applies an analytical
framework for exploring and categorising the strategies pursued by
the five major powers which combines elements of structural realism
with research on power transition theory and status competition.
The concluding chapter addresses questions related to stability and
change in the present international system. This book will be of
interest to students of strategic studies, foreign policy, and
International Relations.
This book analyses how and to what extent ex-communist states have
adjusted their defence strategies since joining the EU and NATO,
and how differences and similarities between their strategies can
be explained. Between 1999 and 2013, four phases of enlargement
took place when the European Union (EU) and NATO allowed 11 new
former communist states to enter both organisations. These states
share some common attributes and experiences related to strategic
culture and common experiences during the Cold War era that can
potentially explain similarities in behaviour and preferences among
them. However, the strategic adjustments among these states are far
from uniform. In an effort to explain these differences, the book
introduces three intervening variables: (1) differences in relative
power and position in the international system, (2) national
geographical characteristics; and (3) historical experiences
related to formative periods of state-building processes as well as
wars and armed conflicts. Empirically, the book strives to present
and analyse the defence strategies of each of the new allies by
conducting a structured focused comparison of official strategic
documents from the twenty-first century for each of the 11 cases.
Theoretically and methodologically, it introduces an analytical
framework enabling us to explain both similarities and differences
in the formulation of the strategies of the 11 states, and to shed
light on their external and internal efforts to promote their
strategic interest by operationalising the dependent variable -
defence strategy. The analytical framework combines elements of
structural realism with classical realism, and constructivist
research on unit-level characteristics related to relative power
and perceptions of strategic exposure. This book will be of much
interest to students of strategic studies, European Union policy,
NATO and International Relations in general.
The book explores how small states adjust their military strategies
in response to external shocks. Using primary sources from four
Nordic countries, (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), this
volume explores how small states have adjusted their military
strategies in response to external shocks of the 21st century. The
9/11 terrorist attacks, the Russian interventions in Georgia and
Ukraine, and the rise of the Islamic State have all forced the
Nordic states to adopt new strategies. While the responses have not
been uniform, their differing relations to the EU and NATO have not
prevented these countries from behaving similarly in military
affairs. Limitations in military capacity has led all four
countries to pursue strategies that include cooperation with more
resourceful partners. It is necessary for them to cooperate with
others to protect and promote their national interests. Moreover,
the Nordic cosmopolitan outlook expresses milieu-shaping ambitions
that we generally would not expect small states to pursue against a
potential great power aggressor. This book will be of much interest
to students of military strategy, defense studies, security
studies, and international relations.
Military Strategy of Middle Powers explores to what degree
twenty-first-century middle powers adjust their military strategies
due to changes in the international order, such as the decline in
US power. The overarching objective of the book is to explain
continuity and change in the strategies of a group of middle powers
during the twenty-first century. These strategies are described,
compared, and explained through the lens of Realism. In order to
find potential explanations for change or continuity within the
cases, as well as for similarities and differences between the
cases, the strategies of 11 'middle' powers are analysed (Canada,
Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa,
India, Japan, and South Korea). This group of countries are
considered similar in several important aspects, primarily
regarding relative power capacity. When searching for potential
explanations for different strategic behaviours among the middle
powers, their unique regional characteristics are a key focus and,
consequently, the impact of the structure and polarity, as well as
the patterns of amity and enmity, of the regional context are
analysed. The empirical investigation is focused on security
strategies used since the terrorist attacks 9/11 2001, which was
one of the first major challenges to US hegemony. This book will be
of much interest to students of military and strategic studies,
foreign policy, and International Relations in general.
Military Strategy of Middle Powers explores to what degree
twenty-first-century middle powers adjust their military strategies
due to changes in the international order, such as the decline in
US power. The overarching objective of the book is to explain
continuity and change in the strategies of a group of middle powers
during the twenty-first century. These strategies are described,
compared, and explained through the lens of Realism. In order to
find potential explanations for change or continuity within the
cases, as well as for similarities and differences between the
cases, the strategies of 11 'middle' powers are analysed (Canada,
Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa,
India, Japan, and South Korea). This group of countries are
considered similar in several important aspects, primarily
regarding relative power capacity. When searching for potential
explanations for different strategic behaviours among the middle
powers, their unique regional characteristics are a key focus and,
consequently, the impact of the structure and polarity, as well as
the patterns of amity and enmity, of the regional context are
analysed. The empirical investigation is focused on security
strategies used since the terrorist attacks 9/11 2001, which was
one of the first major challenges to US hegemony. This book will be
of much interest to students of military and strategic studies,
foreign policy, and International Relations in general.
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