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In this book, the complex topic of crypto securities is presented
in a compact, understandable and practical manner. In addition to
conveying the fundamentals and technical background of the crypto
market, a classification in the various areas of supervisory law is
made. The focus is on German law, although reference is also made
to the European equivalence standards. In order to succeed in a
correct classification into European financial market law, both the
Liechtenstein law on tokens and VT service providers and the
European proposal for a regulation on markets for crypto assets are
discussed in detail and compared with the German supervisory
regulations on crypto assets. The aim, in addition to creating a
basic understanding of how crypto assets work, is to construct a
comprehensive overall picture of their regulatory treatment in
Germany and to include possible implications of a European push.
 The work thus provides guidance to individuals who, for
example, wish to invest in cryptocurrencies or start a business
related to cryptocurrencies.
"Oil is a fairy tale, and, like every fairy tale, is a bit of a
lie."—Ryzard Kapuscinski, Shah of Shahs The scale and reach of
the global oil and gas industry, valued at several trillions of
dollars, is almost impossible to grasp. Despite its vast technical
expertise and scientific sophistication, the industry betrays a
startling degree of inexactitude and empirical disagreement about
foundational questions of quantity, output, and price. As an
industry typified by concentrated economic and political power, its
operations are obscured by secrecy and security. Perhaps it is not
surprising, then, that the social sciences typically approach oil
as a metonym—of modernity, money, geopolitics, violence,
corruption, curse, ur-commodity—rather than considering the daily
life of the industry itself and of the hydrocarbons around which it
is built. Subterranean Estates gathers an interdisciplinary group
of scholars and experts to instead provide a critical topography of
the hydrocarbon industry, understood not solely as an assemblage of
corporate forms but rather as an expansive and porous network of
laborers and technologies, representation and expertise, and the
ways of life oil and gas produce at points of extraction,
production, marketing, consumption, and combustion. By accounting
for oil as empirical and experiential, the contributors begin to
demystify a commodity too often given almost demiurgic power.
Subterranean Estates shifts critical attention away from an
exclusive focus on global oil firms toward often overlooked aspects
of the industry, including insurance, finance, law, and the role of
consultants and community organizations. Based on ethnographic
research from around the world (Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Oman,
the United States, Ecuador, Chad, the United Kingdom, Kazakhstan,
Canada, Iran, and Russia), and featuring a photoessay on the lived
experiences of those who inhabit a universe populated by oil rigs,
pipelines, and gas flares, this innovative volume provides a new
perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social
meanings of this multidimensional world.
From U.S.-Mexico border walls to Flint's poisoned pipes, there is a
new urgency to the politics of infrastructure. Roads, electricity
lines, water pipes, and oil installations promise to distribute the
resources necessary for everyday life. Yet an attention to their
ongoing processes also reveals how infrastructures are made with
fragile and often violent relations among people, materials, and
institutions. While infrastructures promise modernity and
development, their breakdowns and absences reveal the underbelly of
progress, liberal equality, and economic growth. This tension,
between aspiration and failure, makes infrastructure a productive
location for social theory. Contributing to the everyday lives of
infrastructure across four continents, some of the leading
anthropologists of infrastructure demonstrate in The Promise of
Infrastructure how these more-than-human assemblages made over
more-than-human lifetimes offer new opportunities to theorize time,
politics, and promise in the contemporary moment. A School for
Advanced Research Advanced Seminar Contributors. Nikhil Anand,
Hannah Appel, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Dominic Boyer, Akhil Gupta, Penny
Harvey, Brian Larkin, Christina Schwenkel, Antina von Schnitzler
From U.S.-Mexico border walls to Flint's poisoned pipes, there is a
new urgency to the politics of infrastructure. Roads, electricity
lines, water pipes, and oil installations promise to distribute the
resources necessary for everyday life. Yet an attention to their
ongoing processes also reveals how infrastructures are made with
fragile and often violent relations among people, materials, and
institutions. While infrastructures promise modernity and
development, their breakdowns and absences reveal the underbelly of
progress, liberal equality, and economic growth. This tension,
between aspiration and failure, makes infrastructure a productive
location for social theory. Contributing to the everyday lives of
infrastructure across four continents, some of the leading
anthropologists of infrastructure demonstrate in The Promise of
Infrastructure how these more-than-human assemblages made over
more-than-human lifetimes offer new opportunities to theorize time,
politics, and promise in the contemporary moment. A School for
Advanced Research Advanced Seminar Contributors. Nikhil Anand,
Hannah Appel, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Dominic Boyer, Akhil Gupta, Penny
Harvey, Brian Larkin, Christina Schwenkel, Antina von Schnitzler
The Licit Life of Capitalism is both an account of a specific
capitalist project-U.S. oil companies working off the shores of
Equatorial Guinea-and a sweeping theorization of more general forms
and processes that facilitate diverse capitalist projects around
the world. Hannah Appel draws on extensive fieldwork with managers
and rig workers, lawyers and bureaucrats, the expat wives of
American oil executives and the Equatoguinean women who work in
their homes, to turn conventional critiques of capitalism on their
head, arguing that market practices do not merely exacerbate
inequality; they are made by it. People and places differentially
valued by gender, race, and colonial histories are the terrain on
which the rules of capitalist economy are built. Appel shows how
the corporate form and the contract, offshore rigs and economic
theory are the assemblages of liberalism and race, expertise and
gender, technology and domesticity that enable the licit life of
capitalism-practices that are legally sanctioned, widely
replicated, and ordinary, at the same time as they are messy,
contested, and, arguably, indefensible.
"Oil is a fairy tale, and, like every fairy tale, is a bit of a
lie."-Ryzard Kapuscinski, Shah of Shahs The scale and reach of the
global oil and gas industry, valued at several trillions of
dollars, is almost impossible to grasp. Despite its vast technical
expertise and scientific sophistication, the industry betrays a
startling degree of inexactitude and empirical disagreement about
foundational questions of quantity, output, and price. As an
industry typified by concentrated economic and political power, its
operations are obscured by secrecy and security. Perhaps it is not
surprising, then, that the social sciences typically approach oil
as a metonym-of modernity, money, geopolitics, violence,
corruption, curse, ur-commodity-rather than considering the daily
life of the industry itself and of the hydrocarbons around which it
is built. Subterranean Estates gathers an interdisciplinary group
of scholars and experts to instead provide a critical topography of
the hydrocarbon industry, understood not solely as an assemblage of
corporate forms but rather as an expansive and porous network of
laborers and technologies, representation and expertise, and the
ways of life oil and gas produce at points of extraction,
production, marketing, consumption, and combustion. By accounting
for oil as empirical and experiential, the contributors begin to
demystify a commodity too often given almost demiurgic power.
Subterranean Estates shifts critical attention away from an
exclusive focus on global oil firms toward often overlooked aspects
of the industry, including insurance, finance, law, and the role of
consultants and community organizations. Based on ethnographic
research from around the world (Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Oman,
the United States, Ecuador, Chad, the United Kingdom, Kazakhstan,
Canada, Iran, and Russia), and featuring a photoessay on the lived
experiences of those who inhabit a universe populated by oil rigs,
pipelines, and gas flares, this innovative volume provides a new
perspective on the material, symbolic, cultural, and social
meanings of this multidimensional world.
The Licit Life of Capitalism is both an account of a specific
capitalist project-U.S. oil companies working off the shores of
Equatorial Guinea-and a sweeping theorization of more general forms
and processes that facilitate diverse capitalist projects around
the world. Hannah Appel draws on extensive fieldwork with managers
and rig workers, lawyers and bureaucrats, the expat wives of
American oil executives and the Equatoguinean women who work in
their homes, to turn conventional critiques of capitalism on their
head, arguing that market practices do not merely exacerbate
inequality; they are made by it. People and places differentially
valued by gender, race, and colonial histories are the terrain on
which the rules of capitalist economy are built. Appel shows how
the corporate form and the contract, offshore rigs and economic
theory are the assemblages of liberalism and race, expertise and
gender, technology and domesticity that enable the licit life of
capitalism-practices that are legally sanctioned, widely
replicated, and ordinary, at the same time as they are messy,
contested, and, arguably, indefensible.
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