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The immune system is the only organ system in the body besides the
central nervous systems endowed with memory. Both types of memories
are specific and long-lasting, sometimes life long. This memory
capacity of the immune system provides the basis for the most
cost-efficient of all medical interventions, successful
vaccinations against many common infectious diseases. Such a
success requires the isolation of the infectious agent or toxic
substance, methods to grow and/or purify the relevant antigen and
change it into something innocuous whilst maintaining its
immunogenicity. Whereas the early vaccines could only use the
enhanced resistance against infectious disease as a measure of
vaccine efficacy, most modern vaccines rely upon standardized
laboratory tests accepted to parallel the in vivo protective
capacity to confirm the quality and potency of the respective
vaccine. We are presently experiencing an explosion in the
development of new and/or improved vaccines. This is largely due to
a parallel rapid expansion in our knowledge of the immune system
and of the detailed molecular structure and function of
microorganisms. Using this knowledge it is now possible to compose
vaccines of new types where only certain molecules (or parts of
molecules) derived from a pathogen are included, excluding other
potentially harmful ones. Whereas earlier attenuated live vaccines
were created by em pirical means such vaccines can now be created
by molecularly defined inter ventions in the genome of the
microorganism."
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