This book by renowned anthropologist Harald Haarmann illuminates the acquisition of knowledge, and the meanings underlying forms of knowledge, in a broad temporal scope, ranging from the Neolithic through the modern era. Spiritual knowledge is at the heart of this work, which views myth and religion encoded in Neolithic female figurines and revived in the contemporary "primitive" artwork of artists such as Constantin Brancusi and Henry Moore. Within such a framework, this study employs the knowledge and insights of the relatively new, and very important, interdisciplinary field of archaeomythology, which ties together information from archaeology, DNA studies, mythology, anthropology, classical studies, other ancient language studies, and linguistics. This study does so with a wealth of information in these fields, offering meaningful resolutions to many questions regarding antiquity, and shedding light upon several previously misunderstood phenomena, from the true function of Stonehenge (that its purpose was not astronomical), to the fact that there could not have been a mass movement of agriculturalists from Anatolia to Europe (this is a currently hotly contested issue), to important Eurasian religious beliefs and mythological motifs (with an excellent discussion of shamanism), to systems of writing (with a wonderful discourse upon ancient writing systems), religious expression, and mythology of the exceptionally significant cultures of Old Europe (Neolithic southeastern Europe). The book further discourses upon the legacy of this culture in Minoan and then Greek culture, Old European (pre-Indo-European) lexical items (that is, substrate vocabulary) in Greek, and finally the preservation of Neolithic spirituality in Modern Art. With this interdisciplinary approach, the study demonstrates that all of the subjects of this manuscript are interconnected, in a powerful wholeness. Ancient knowledge, Ancient know-how, Ancient reasoning is an unprecedented study that will appeal across many disciplines, including archaeology, mythology, anthropology, classical studies, ancient language studies, and linguistics. The book also includes many images that will prove helpful to the reader.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language.

Traditional scholarship on how ancient civilizations emerged is outmoded and new insights call for revision. According to the well-established paradigm, Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization. Following the cliche of ex oriente lux ("light from the East") all major achievements of humankind spread from the Middle East. Modern archaeology, cultural science and historical linguistics indicate civilizations did not originate from a single prototype. Several models produced divergent patterns of advanced culture, developing both hierarchical and egalitarian societies. This study outlines a panorama of ancient civilizations, including the still little-known Danube civilization, now identified as the oldest advanced culture in Europe. In a comparative view, a new paradigm of research and a new cultural chronology of civilizations in the Old and New Worlds emerges, with climate change shown to be a continual influence on human lifeways.

Contrary to a prevalent belief of the Western world, that democracy, agriculture, theatre and the arts were the attainments of Classical Greek civilisation, these were actually a Bronze Age fusion of earlier European concepts and Hellenic ingenuity. This work considers both the multicultural wellspring from which these ideas flowed and their ready assimilation by the Greeks, who embraced these hallmarks of civilisation, and refined them to the level of sophistication that defines classical antiquity.

This study documents various historical instances in the development of the concept "Common Good". The author reflects about Plato's theory of Forms, which is infused with the idea of good, as the first principle of being. Plato was not the first philosopher to address the theme of the Common Good although he was the first to construct a political theory around it. This theme has remained a central agenda for philosophers throughout the ages

Providing a multifaceted view of modern Finland, this book describes its history, culture, language, geography, natural history and the mythology of early peoples. Topics include Fenno-Scandia inhabitants and their environment, traditional naturalism and modern environmentalism, and the salient features of ""Finnishness,"" including an analysis of the Finnish educational system and gender equality. Finland's art, architecture and music, are highlighted, along with its peace-keeping missions worldwide. The country's several ethnic groups and their languages are discussed-the Saami, Finns, Finland-Swedes, Russian-speaking peoples, Jews and Gypsies. The author examines Finland's late but rapid development in commerce and industry, with a focus on the history of Nokia Corporation, which grew from a 19th-century manufacturer of pulpwood and rubber boots to a 21st-century international digital communications company.

Die langste Zeit wahrend der Kulturgeschichte haben Menschen Vorstellungen von "Parallelwelten" gepflegt - von einer diesseitigen Sphare und von einer jenseitigen Sphare, die von ubersinnlichen Gestalten bevoelkert ist. Seit jeher waren die Menschen darum bemuht, die Intentionen der Instanzen in der jenseitigen Sphare zu ergrunden, um deren Wohlwollen fur sich zu erlangen. Die Sphare des UEbersinnlichen erschliesst sich uber die Religion. Das Gemeinsame in allen Religionen ist deren weitgehend ahnlich strukturiertes Fundament. Und der Baustoff dieses Fundaments ist Spiritualitat. Sprache, Schrift und Bilder, diese wichtigen Komponenten zum Aufbau von Kultur, werden fur die religioese Kommunikation eingesetzt und in Riten und Ritualen aktiviert. In dieser Studie werden die Umrisse fur eine Urgeschichte der Transzendenz skizziert, respektive fur eine anthropologische Konstante in allen Kulturen.

Demokratie ist das am weitesten verbreitete gesellschaftspolitische Modell in der Welt, und es wird lebhaft daruber diskutiert. Wir leben mit allerlei Vorstellungen von dem, was Demokratie ist oder sein koennte, und vieles davon ist mythisch verklart. Wir glauben zu wissen, dass die Griechen der Antike diese Herrschaftsform erfunden hatten. In diesem Buch wird der sprach- und begriffsgeschichtliche sowie allgemein kulturwissenschaftliche Nachweis gefuhrt, dass die Griechen viele Traditionen der vorgriechischen Bevoelkerung angenommen und fortgesetzt haben, und dazu gehoert auch das Prinzip der kommunalen Selbstverwaltung in den Dorfgemeinschaften (Demen). Die vorgriechischen Kulturen Sudosteuropas sind inzwischen recht gut erforscht, so dass heutzutage Vergleiche zwischen dem Gesellschaftsmodell Alteuropas und den Herrschaftsformen der griechischen Antike auf festem Grund stehen. Die Ursprunge der griechischen Demokratie sind in der vorgriechischen AEra zu suchen. Die griechische Demokratie des Athener Staates erlangte Vorbildcharakter und wurde in spateren Perioden als rekursives Modell erneuert. Die Erkenntnisse zu kulturhistorischen Langzeitwirkungen fordern zu einem Paradigmenwechsel fur die Antikenforschung heraus.

Ist Schwarz eine Farbe oder nur Kontrastgeber? Ist Schwarz ein einziger Farbton oder sind es mehrere? Sind Einstellungen zur Farbe Schwarz kulturell gepragt? Wenn man Schwarz sagt, meint man dann tatsachlich auch Schwarz? Es heisst, Schwarz ist die am wenigsten verstandene aller Farben. Insofern ist es eine besondere Herausforderung, die Sinngebung der Farbe Schwarz in den kulturhistorischen Landschaften der Welt auszuleuchten. Eben dies wird in dieser Studie angestrebt, wobei der Diskussion uber Farbmetaphorik besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. Hier werden Erkenntnisse der verschiedensten Fachdisziplinen ausgewertet - darunter der Kunstgeschichte, der Anthropologie, der Linguistik, der Forschung uber kulturelle Stereotypen und der Religionsgeschichte - und zu einer Gesamtschau verdichtet. Dieses Buch ist in einem verstandlichen Essaystil geschrieben und spricht damit den allgemein interessierten akademischen Leser an. Daruber hinaus eignet es sich nach seinem Inhalt und der Vielzahl an Quellenverweisen ebenso als Forschungsinstrument fur die verschiedensten Fachvertreter.