Ni-free Ti-based Shape Memory Alloys reviews the fundamental issues of biomedical beta-type Ti base shape memory and superelastic alloys, including martensitic transformation, shape memory and superelastic properties, alloy development, thermomechanical treatment and microstructure control, and biocompatibility. Some unique properties, such as large nonlinear elastic behavior and low Young's modulus, observed in metastable Ti alloys are discussed on the basis of phase stability. As it is expected that superelastic Ti alloys will further expand the applications of shape memory alloys within the biomedical field, this book provides a comprehensive review of these new findings in Ti-base shape memory and superelastic alloys.

Harold Rosenberg (1906-1978) coined the term "action painters" to describe postwar American abstract painters. Since then his concept of "action" has been considered a supplementary term that reinforces autonomy in art. Reading against the grain, Kim proposes to situate Rosenberg's practice in a domain where art lies beyond the rules of aesthetics. Believing in process, vestiges, and possibilities, Rosenberg perceived art to be a substantial component of culture. The meaning of an artwork is not set by aesthetic principles, but is contingent on its context. Providing no vision of completing a priori principles, this contingency is associated with a sense of crisis that generates a radical force for critical art practices. Rosenberg's "action" epitomizes his central idea that the artist continues to transform him-or herself. This ceaseless discovery by the artist, for Rosenberg, is the content of the artwork. It is an eloquent statement that speaks to individual subjectivity after a collective revolution had failed. His criticism was a constant transaction, which kept modifying itself through his encounters with artists.