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Des Menschen Werk auf Erden kann vergehen, Doch Leben stets im
Wandel wird bestehen. Heinrich Walter The importance of ecology for
the fate of mankind is receiving ever wider recognition. A
syncretic-holistic approach to ecology was recently given
unexpected support by the well-known atomic physicist and pupil of
Heisenberg, Fritjov Capra. In his book The Turning Point, published
in 1982 in the U.S.A., Capra comments critically, from the
viewpoint of the latest findings of subatomic physics, on the
mechanical-analytical ap proach which still predominates in the
biological sciences, and adds some philosophical reflections. The
following quotations are important ecolo gically and may be of
interest to biologists in general: "It is now becoming apparent
that overemphasis on the scientific method and on rational,
analytic thinking has led to attitudes that are profoundly
anti-ecological. In truth, the understanding of ecosystems is
hindered by the very nature of the rational mind. Rational thinking
is linear, whereas ecological awareness arises from an intuition of
non-linear systems .... The Cartesian view of the universe as a
mechanical system provided a 'scientific' sanction for the
manipulation and exploitation of nature that has become typical of
Western culture .... The problem is that scientists, encouraged by
their success in treating living organisms as machines, tend to
believe that they are nothing but machines .... Modern physics can
show the other sciences that scientific thinking does not
necessarily have to be reductionist and mechanistic, that holistic
and ecological views are also scientifically sound ...."
In Volume 1 of this four-volume series, ecological problems of a
general nature were discussed from a global point of view.
Familiarity with this is essential for a full understanding of the
more specialized treatment in this and subsequent volumes, for no
similar approach is to be found in other ecological handbooks for
beginners. This present volume deals in detail with the special
ecological relation ships of the tropical and subtropical
zonobiomes I to III. Most ecologists proceed from the basis of
their experience in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere.
As a result, many ecological writings show a certain one-sidedness
and there is a danger that generalizations made will not be broadly
applicable. To avoid this, particular emphasis is laid, in this vol
urne, on the special ecological features and the characteristics of
the trop ical and subtropical regions. More specifically, we deal
not only with the relationship of the euclimatope to zonal soils
and zonal vegetation, but also pay attention to azonal conditions
shown in pedobiomes and in the altitudinal belts of mountains, the
orobiomes. In this and the subsequent volumes the same simple
scheme is followed in treating each zonobiome: 1. climate; 2.
soils; 3. producers; 4. consum ers; 5. decomposers; 6. ecosystems;
7. sub division into biomes; 8. oro biomes; 9. pedobiomes and 10.
zonoecotones. Where it has appeared expedient, however, we have
occasionally deviated from this scheme (see Deserts D, F, G and
H)."
By the end of the last century, the only region in all of Europe
where the natural vegetation remained untouched over large expanses
was Eastern Europe. Information on the vegetation of this region
however, remained mostly unavailable to western scientists although
the ecological approach to botanical research originated in Eastern
Europe. Heinrich Walter was born in Russia, studied Natural
Sciences - with emphasis on botany - in Odessa and is familiar with
all relevant Russian literature on ecology. This volume thus offers
scientists worldwide a unique and comprehensive survey of "all"
relevant research, including the mostly unknown literature
published in Russian.
We shall limit our observations to the conditions in natural
ecosystems, since it would be beyond the scope of this book to
embark upon a consideration of secondary, man-made ecosystems. 2.
Classification of the Geo-biosphere into Zonobiomes The biosphere
is the thin layer of the earth's surface to which the phenomena
connected with living matter are confined. On land, this comprises
the lowest layer of the atmosphere permanently inhabited by living
organisms and into which plants extend, as well as the
root-containing portion of the lithosphere, which we term the soil.
Living organisms are also found in all bodies of water, to the very
depths of the oceans. In a watery medium, however, cycling of
material is achieved by means other than those on land, and the
organisms (plankton) are so different that aquatic ecosystems have
to be dealt with separately. The biosphere is therefore subdivided
into (a) the geo-biosphere comprising terrestrial ecosystems, and
(b) the hydro-biosphere, comprising aquatic ecosystems, which is
the field of hydrobiologists (oceanographers and limnologists) .
Our studies are confined to the geo-biosphere (Walter 1976), which
constitutes the habitat of man and is, therefore, of special
interest. The prevailing climate, being the primary independent
factor in the environment, can be used as a basis for further
subdivision of the geo-biosphere since the formation of soil and
type of vegetation are dependent upon it (see p. 3), and it has not
yet been substantially influenced by man.
Organismus nicht. Erst wenn wir beriicksichtigen, daB aIle busal
bedingten Vorgange auch gesteuert werden oder einen Regelkreis
bilden, kommen wir dem Wesen des Organismus aIs einer natiirlichen
Einheit naher. Wenn aber irgendwelche Vorgiinge gesteuert werden,
so muB ein bestimmtes Ziel gegeben sein. Dies gilt fiir biologische
Reaktionen gleichermaBen wie fiir automatisierte Betriebe. Ihre
gesteuerten Mechanismen versteht man erst, wenn man das Ziel, das
erreicht werden soIl, kennt. Bei einem Organismus ist dies letzten
Endes seine Erhaltung in einer stets wechselnden Umwelt bis zur
Aus- bildung der Fortpflanzungsorgane und der Erzeugung von N
achkommen, wo- durch erst die Erhaltung der Art gesichert ist (vgl.
S. 192). Jeder gesteuerte oder geregelte Mechanismus funktioniert
nur unter bestimm- ten Voraussetzungen. Eine nicht vorgesehene
StorgroBe (= AuBeneinfiuB) kann den Mechanismus zerstoren. Dasselbe
gilt auch fiir einen Organismus, der nur in einer bestimmten Umwelt
funktionsfahig ist. Seine Regelkreise, die einen bestimmten Zustand
(die RegelgroBe), moglichst konstant halten, miissen jedoch
flexibel sein, weil die natiirliche Umwelt stets wechselnd und in
bestimmten Grenzen unbestandig ist. Die Steuerung wird unter
vollkommen unnatiirlichen Be- dingungen im Laboratorium oder auch
bei Versuchen im Freien, etwa infolge der Einwirkung von
nicht-natiirlichen chemischen Verbindungen oder auch von
natiirlichen Verbindungen in unnatiirlich hohen Konzentrationen,
versagen. Als Folge davon wird der Organismus Abnormitaten
aufweisen und geschadigt oder gar ganz zugrunde gehen.
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Die Deutsche Gebuhrenordnung Fur Rechtsanwalte - Nebst Den Landesgesetzlichen Vorschriften UEber Die Gebuhren Der Rechtsanwalte in Preussen, Bayern, Sachsen, Wurttemberg, Baden, Hessen Und Thuringen (German, Hardcover, 8th 8., Neubearb. Auf. Reprint 2020 ed.)
Heinrich Walter, Albert Joachim; Edited by Adolf Friedlaender, Max Friedlaender
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This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book
may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages,
poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the
original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We
believe this work is culturally important, and despite the
imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of
our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works
worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in
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++++ The below data was compiled from various identification fields
in the bibliographic record of this title. This data is provided as
an additional tool in helping to ensure edition identification:
++++ Discvrsvs Historico-Ivridicvs De Archi-Cancellariatv Et
Primatv S.R.I. Principis Abbatis Fvldensis Philipp Adam Ulrich,
Heinrich Walter Wilhelm von Schildeck
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