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The design and development of low radar cross section (RCS) phased
array has been a challenging subject in stealth technology. The
frequency selective surface elements act as absorbers in specific
frequency band and facilitate gain enhancement and reduction of
antenna RCS. This book presents a comprehensive EM design and
analysis of such low-profile patch arrays with high impedance
surface-based ground plane. It explains how to determine radiation
mode RCS of low-profile antenna arrays with arbitrary
configurations. Detailed descriptions of design, workflow of
determining radiation and scattering behavior of antenna arrays
have been supported with schematics, tables, and illustrations.
Aimed at engineers and researchers for RCS, antenna engineers and
graduate students in electrical engineering and electromagnetics,
it • Discusses both radiation and scattering features of both
planar and conformal HIS-based low profile antennas • Describes
the theoretical background, design, simulations and analysis of low
RCS phased array in detail • Presents the physics behind the
resultant radiation and scattering characteristics of designed
antenna array • Helps readers understand design and analysis of
low RCS antenna array without any degradation in its radiation
performance • Includes figures, schematics and illustrations to
provide comprehensive descriptions of both radiation and scattering
characteristics of phased arrays of different configurations
Stealth technology is a crucial pre-requisite in the combat zone,
where swiftness, surprise and initiative are the decisive elements
for survivability. The supreme goal here is to reduce the
visibility of military vehicles by shaping, application of radar
absorbing materials, passive cancellation, active cancellation etc.
With respect to multilayered radar absorbing structures (RAS), this
book presents an efficient algorithm based on particle swarm
optimization (PSO), for the material selection as well as
optimization of thickness of multilayered RAS models considering
both normal as well as oblique incidence cases. It includes a
thorough overview of the theoretical background required for the
analysis of multilayered RAS as well as the step-by-step procedure
for the implementation of PSO-based algorithm. The accuracy and
computational efficiency of the indigenously developed code is also
clearly established using relevant validations and case studies.
FEATURES Provides step-by-step procedure for the implementation of
particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm in the context of
multilayered radar absorbing structures (RAS) design Helps to
understand the EM design, analysis and optimization of multilayered
RAS Describes the theoretical background required for the analysis
of multilayered RAS Illustrates in detail the theoretical
formulation supported by intuitive ray diagrams and comprehensive
flowcharts to implement the algorithm with ease Includes elaborate
validations and case studies This book will serve as a valuable
resource for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers
involved in the electromagnetic design and development of
multi-layered radar absorbing structures.
Stealth technology is a crucial pre-requisite in the combat zone,
where swiftness, surprise and initiative are the decisive elements
for survivability. The supreme goal here is to reduce the
visibility of military vehicles by shaping, application of radar
absorbing materials, passive cancellation, active cancellation etc.
With respect to multilayered radar absorbing structures (RAS), this
book presents an efficient algorithm based on particle swarm
optimization (PSO), for the material selection as well as
optimization of thickness of multilayered RAS models considering
both normal as well as oblique incidence cases. It includes a
thorough overview of the theoretical background required for the
analysis of multilayered RAS as well as the step-by-step procedure
for the implementation of PSO-based algorithm. The accuracy and
computational efficiency of the indigenously developed code is also
clearly established using relevant validations and case studies.
FEATURES Provides step-by-step procedure for the implementation of
particle swarm optimization (PSO) based algorithm in the context of
multilayered radar absorbing structures (RAS) design Helps to
understand the EM design, analysis and optimization of multilayered
RAS Describes the theoretical background required for the analysis
of multilayered RAS Illustrates in detail the theoretical
formulation supported by intuitive ray diagrams and comprehensive
flowcharts to implement the algorithm with ease Includes elaborate
validations and case studies This book will serve as a valuable
resource for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers
involved in the electromagnetic design and development of
multi-layered radar absorbing structures.
The design and development of low radar cross section (RCS) phased
array has been a challenging subject in stealth technology. The
frequency selective surface elements act as absorbers in specific
frequency band and facilitate gain enhancement and reduction of
antenna RCS. This book presents a comprehensive EM design and
analysis of such low-profile patch arrays with high impedance
surface-based ground plane. It explains how to determine radiation
mode RCS of low-profile antenna arrays with arbitrary
configurations. Detailed descriptions of design, workflow of
determining radiation and scattering behavior of antenna arrays
have been supported with schematics, tables, and illustrations.
Aimed at engineers and researchers for RCS, antenna engineers and
graduate students in electrical engineering and electromagnetics,
it * Discusses both radiation and scattering features of both
planar and conformal HIS-based low profile antennas * Describes the
theoretical background, design, simulations and analysis of low RCS
phased array in detail * Presents the physics behind the resultant
radiation and scattering characteristics of designed antenna array
* Helps readers understand design and analysis of low RCS antenna
array without any degradation in its radiation performance *
Includes figures, schematics and illustrations to provide
comprehensive descriptions of both radiation and scattering
characteristics of phased arrays of different configurations
This book presents a novel methodology for the computation of RCS
of metallic structures using a parallelized version of NEC in
conjunction with a finite element preprocessor which has been
strategically incorporated for simplifying geometry modelling
catering to NEC guidelines. It includes a thorough overview of the
theoretical background of NEC including all relevant aspects of
formulation and modelling. The revised methodology including all
the required steps and details is discussed elaborately along with
case studies and validations. This book will serve as a valuable
resource for students, researchers, scientists, and engineers
working in the field of RCS predictions and measurements.
This book focuses on determination of scattering of parallel-fed
planar dipole arrays in terms of reflection and transmission
coefficients at different levels of the array system. In aerospace
vehicles, the phased arrays are often in planar configuration. The
radar cross section (RCS) of the vehicle is mainly due to its
structure and the antennas mounted over it. There can be situation
when the signatures due to antennas dominate over the structural
RCS of the platform. This necessitates the study towards the
reduction and control of antenna/ array RCS. The planar dipole
array is considered as a stacked linear dipole array. A systematic,
step-by-step approach is used to determine the RCS pattern
including the finite dimensions of dipole antenna elements. The
mutual impedance between the dipole elements for planar
configuration is determined. The scattering till second-level of
couplers in parallel feed network is taken into account. The phase
shifters are modelled as delay line. All the couplers in the feed
network are assumed to be four port devices. It is shown that the
array RCS can be reduced considerably for a low observable platform
by an optimization of array design parameters even in the presence
of mutual coupling. This book presents a systematic step-by-step
analytical formulation for RCS of planar half-wavelength centre-fed
dipole arrays through various schematics and illustrations. The
analytical description and analysis provided in this book should be
useful for students, researchers, and design engineers of phased
arrays.
Decreasing trends of organic matter and plant-available nutrients
in arable soils, other negative consequences of fertilizer inputs
and frequent tillage call for newer techniques in agriculture, one
such technique which has attracted considerable interest is
microbial management. Microbial biomass is a small active fraction
of the soil organic matter which turns over very rapidly, and holds
a large pool of plant-available nutrients. It acts as a source and
a sink of nutrients and is responsive to several agricultural
practices. Soil organic carbon (SOC) has also been identified as a
factor that is important to soil fertility as well as for the
environment because of huge carbon sequestration potential of the
soils. Present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of
applications of straw and chemical fertilizer on the soil microbial
biomass, available nutrient pools and crop growth under reduced
tillage, dryland conditions. The major hypothesis tested in this
study was that the management practices which can increase the size
of active soil organic pool can enhance the nutrient supply rate
and hence crop growth in drylands under reduced tillage cultivation
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