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Originally published in 1979, Gold Was the Mortar details the
financing and the building of the medieval cathedrals at Paris,
Amiens, Toulouse, Lyon, Strasbourg, York, Poitiers and Rouen. The
book examines the raising of funds and their expenditure, not only
on the Cathedrals themselves, but also on the worldly ambitions of
the bishop or archbishop, which went beyond the 'wars and natural
disasters' theory to explain the reasons that caused the delays in
building the cathedrals. The book also looks at the issues of
building the cathedrals, such as the availability of finance and
how for some there was a steady flow of funds while others suffered
prolonged breaks. The book also provides case studies of specific
cathedrals and examines how places such as York were held up by the
internecine disputes with Canterbury; Toulouse and Poiters by the
vast expropriations following conquests; and Lyon by the
suppression of the commercial and social hierarchy. All the
cathedrals depended on the benevolence of patrons, but the part
played by the commoners, as revealed in wills and contemporary
documents, was an extraordinary contribution, usually exceeding
that of the nobility and royalty and sometimes that of the
hierarchy itself.
Originally published in 1979, Gold Was the Mortar details the
financing and the building of the medieval cathedrals at Paris,
Amiens, Toulouse, Lyon, Strasbourg, York, Poitiers and Rouen. The
book examines the raising of funds and their expenditure, not only
on the Cathedrals themselves, but also on the worldly ambitions of
the bishop or archbishop, which went beyond the 'wars and natural
disasters' theory to explain the reasons that caused the delays in
building the cathedrals. The book also looks at the issues of
building the cathedrals, such as the availability of finance and
how for some there was a steady flow of funds while others suffered
prolonged breaks. The book also provides case studies of specific
cathedrals and examines how places such as York were held up by the
internecine disputes with Canterbury; Toulouse and Poiters by the
vast expropriations following conquests; and Lyon by the
suppression of the commercial and social hierarchy. All the
cathedrals depended on the benevolence of patrons, but the part
played by the commoners, as revealed in wills and contemporary
documents, was an extraordinary contribution, usually exceeding
that of the nobility and royalty and sometimes that of the
hierarchy itself.
The Many and the Few recounts the dramatic "inside" story of one of
the pivotal strikes in American history. For six weeks in 1937,
workers at General Motors' Flint, Michigan, plant refused to budge
from their sit-down strike. That action changed the course of
industrial and labor history, when General Motors finally agreed to
recognize the United Auto Workers as the sole bargaining agent in
all GM plants. Through it all, UAW activist Henry Kraus was there.
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