Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Following experiences made during the previous edition of the America's Cup, an Arbitration Panel was set up in order to resolve the disputes arising with respect to the 31st (2000-2003) America's Cup. It was composed of five arbitrators, all high standing lawyers with vast experience in arbitration and sport. The Arbitration Panel issued 22 decisions on many subjects, ranging from deciding whether or not Societe Nautique de Geneve (Alinghi) could take part to the America's Cup, to whether or not the Seattle Yacht Club (One World Change) had breached rules prohibiting the transfer of technology from a syndicate to another. This book contains all the decisions rendered as well as the background and supporting material. It begins with an introductory text which enables a better understanding of the reasons why the Arbitration Panel was set up, of the way it has worked and of the main issues it has dealt with. The work will be of interest to any person involved in arbitration in general and in sport in particular. It will also provide an insight into the history of the America's Cup which, from the outcome in 1851, has been characterized by controversies and disputes

More than the most prestigious regatta and match race in the sport of sailing, the America A|s Cup is a test of boat design, sail design, fundraising, and management skills. It is not surprising that its passionate skippers, builders and managers should often become embroiled in disputes. Recognizing this, and to minimize jurisdictional issues, the Cup A|s organization has included its own international jury for over thirty years. The 31st jury, however, for the first time in the Cup A|s long and colourful history, appointed a five-member arbitration tribunal which has now become an established part of the Cup A|s A corporate A| identity. Although the tribunal A|s decisions are not intended to be binding in the future, experience has already proven that they may assist whoever is involved in forthcoming competitions. In validation of this recognition, this book compiles all the decisions issued by the tribunal about cases submitted to the 32nd jury. This entails forty-three decisions in all, encompassing decisions on the merits for thirty-six cases, as well as a series of interim, provisional or partial decisions and, in one case, a dissenting opinion. Among the subjects of dispute are the following:A { alleged errors in calling a very close finish;A { alleged errors in rules resolving a tie;A { redress regarding physical damage;A { failure of boat electronic system;A { allegations of outside help;A { scope of advertising on a yacht;A { place of yacht construction;A { receipt of meteorological data while racing; andA { on-board installation of TV equipment.In addition to the full texts of the decisions, the book includes the America A|s Cup Deed of Gift (the A constitutional A| document), the Protocol governing the 32nd America A|s Cup, Rules of Procedure, Terms of Challenge, and applicable anti-doping and anti-gambling rules. A valuable introduction offers, as well as historical and legal background, some personal perspectives by Jury members.Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this subject for practitioners in general is the symbiosis quickly established between the America A|s Cup organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). At the request of the Cup A|s management, WIPO developed a customized web-based facility for the rapid and secure resolution of disputes A- a facility now available in the context of other sporting events and for intellectual property disputes in general. With detailed information on this system, along with the book A|s many insights into the kinds of issues that fuel disputes in sports events (and their resolutions), Arbitration in the America A|s Cup offers a significant extension of the knowledge base available to lawyers and scholars in several branches of law and legal practice.

This book presents the findings of an in-depth qualitative longitudinal investigation into the willingness to communicate (WTC) of individuals who, through varying migration channels, left one cultural/linguistic context to make a new life in another. It examines communication behaviours and language choice in multilingual community contexts and emphasises how even the most trivial of communication events are embedded in histories of previous communication and are influenced by emotions connected with a person’s overall life situation. The book fills a gap in contemporary WTC research by examining how WTC operates in multilingual community contexts. Through the use of a complexity lens and the presentation of a revised 3D pyramid model, the authors demonstrate the dynamic nature of WTC and shed new light on processes that affect communication, migration and well-being. This book will be of interest to researchers seeking to explore individual differences using context sensitive and temporally focused designs.

This book presents the findings of an in-depth qualitative longitudinal investigation into the willingness to communicate (WTC) of individuals who, through varying migration channels, left one cultural/linguistic context to make a new life in another. It examines communication behaviours and language choice in multilingual community contexts and emphasises how even the most trivial of communication events are embedded in histories of previous communication and are influenced by emotions connected with a person’s overall life situation. The book fills a gap in contemporary WTC research by examining how WTC operates in multilingual community contexts. Through the use of a complexity lens and the presentation of a revised 3D pyramid model, the authors demonstrate the dynamic nature of WTC and shed new light on processes that affect communication, migration and well-being. This book will be of interest to researchers seeking to explore individual differences using context sensitive and temporally focused designs.

This open-access book brings together international experts who shed new light on the status of social enterprises, benefit corporations and other purpose-driven companies. The respective chapters take a multidisciplinary approach (combining law, philosophy, history, sociology and economics) and provide valuable insights on fostering social entrepreneurship and advancing the common good. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant shift of how business activities are conducted, mainly through the rise of social enterprises. In an effort to target social problems at their roots, social entrepreneurs create organizations that bring transformative social changes by considering, among others, ethical, social, and environmental factors. A variety of social enterprise models are emerging internationally and are proving their vitality and importance. But what does the term "social enterprise" mean? What are its roots? And how does it work in practice within the legal framework of any country? This handbook attempts to answer these questions from a theoretical, historical, and comparative perspective, bringing together 44 contributions written by 71 expert researchers and practitioners in this field. The first part provides an overview of the social enterprise movement, its evolution, and the different forms entities can take to meet global challenges, overcoming the limits of what governments and states can do. The second part focuses on the emergence of benefit corporations and the growing importance of sustainability and societal values, while also analyzing their different legal forms and adaptation to their regulatory environment. In turn, the last part presents the status quo of purpose-driven companies in 36 developed and emerging economies worldwide. This handbook offers food for thought and guidance for everyone interested in this field. It will benefit practitioners and decision-makers involved in social and community organizations, as well as in international development and, more generally speaking, social sciences and economics.

Provides readers with a single repository covering the current state of knowledge, debates and relevant literature in the field. Brings together a wide range of eminent scholars from a variety of disciplines and a number of different countries, and in so doing, provides a useful resource for scholars of charity and philanthropy taxation. Includes contributions from a wide disciplinary base, thus the topic is explored in all its dimensions.

As John Henry Newman reflected on 'The Idea of a University' more than a century and a half ago, Bradley C. S. Watson brings together some of the nation's most eminent thinkers on higher education to reflect on the nature and purposes of the American university today. They detail the life and rather sad times of the American university, its relationship to democracy, and the place of the liberal arts within it. Their mordant reflections paint a picture of the American university in crisis. But they also point toward a renewal of the university by redirecting it toward those things that resist the passions of the moment, or the pull of mere utility. This book is essential reading for thoughtful citizens, scholars, and educational policymakers.

This open-access book brings together international experts who shed new light on the status of social enterprises, benefit corporations and other purpose-driven companies. The respective chapters take a multidisciplinary approach (combining law, philosophy, history, sociology and economics) and provide valuable insights on fostering social entrepreneurship and advancing the common good. In recent years, we have witnessed a significant shift of how business activities are conducted, mainly through the rise of social enterprises. In an effort to target social problems at their roots, social entrepreneurs create organizations that bring transformative social changes by considering, among others, ethical, social, and environmental factors. A variety of social enterprise models are emerging internationally and are proving their vitality and importance. But what does the term “social enterprise” mean? What are its roots? And how does it work in practice within the legal framework of any country? This handbook attempts to answer these questions from a theoretical, historical, and comparative perspective, bringing together 44 contributions written by 71 expert researchers and practitioners in this field. The first part provides an overview of the social enterprise movement, its evolution, and the different forms entities can take to meet global challenges, overcoming the limits of what governments and states can do. The second part focuses on the emergence of benefit corporations and the growing importance of sustainability and societal values, while also analyzing their different legal forms and adaptation to their regulatory environment. In turn, the last part presents the status quo of purpose-driven companies in 36 developed and emerging economies worldwide. This handbook offers food for thought and guidance for everyone interested in this field. It will benefit practitioners and decision-makers involved in social and community organizations, as well as in international development and, more generally speaking, social sciences and economics.

This is a book of criticism. It is directed at contemporary ecology, but would apply to any science or indeed any statement that claims to contain information. Application of simple criteria to judge the information in ecological statements reveals deep inadequacies in the science. Furthermore, the complexity of the contemporary field of ecology and the mistraining of a generation of ecologists has obscured its weakness. As a result, many ecologists are unaware of the failings of the science although others are deeply concerned for the future of the field. The author, Professor Peters, argues that a return to simple question of fact, to observations, and to questions of general relevance to science and society can make ecology a useful, practical and informative science. Such science is desperately needed to meet the problems of the age. A thought-provoking book that will be of interest to all scientists, but in particular ecologists from undergraduates to senior academics and professionals.

It is generally recognized that larger animals eat more, live longer, have larger offspring, and so on; but it is unusual to see these commonplace observations as a basis for scientific biology. A large number of empirically based relationships describe biological rates as simple functions of body size; and other such relations predict the intrinsic rate of population growth, animal speed, animal density, territory size, prey size, physiology, and morphology. Such equations almost always exist for mammals and birds, often for other vertebrates and invertebrates, sometimes for protozoa, algae, and bacteria, and occasionally even for plants. There are too many organisms to measure all aspects of the biology of every species of population, so scientists must depend on generalizations. Body size relations represent our most extensive and powerful assemblage of generalizations, but they have never been organized for use in ecology. This book represents the largest single compilation of interspecific size relations, and instructs the reader on the use of these relationships; their comparison, combination, and criticism. Both strengths and weaknesses of our current knowledge are discussed in order to indicate the many possible directions for further research. This important volume will therefore provide a point of departure toward a new applied ecology, giving quantitative solutions to real questions. It will interest advanced students of ecology and comparative physiology as well as professional biologists.