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This book investigates the characteristics of simple versus complex
systems, and what the properties of a cyber-physical system design
are that contribute to an effective implementation and make the
system understandable, simple to use, and easy to maintain. The
targeted audience is engineers, managers and advanced students who
are involved in the design of cyber-physical systems and are
willing to spend some time outside the silo of their daily work in
order to widen their background and appreciation for the pervasive
problems of system complexity. In the past, design of a
process-control system (now called cyber-physical systems) was more
of an art than an engineering endeavor. The software technology of
that time was concerned primarily with functional correctness and
did not pay much attention to the temporal dimension of program
execution, which is as important as functional correctness when a
physical process must be controlled. In the ensuing years, many
problems in the design of cyber-physical systems were simplified.
But with an increase in the functional requirements and system
size, the complexity problems have appeared again in a different
disguise. A sound understanding of the complexity problem requires
some insight in cognition, human problem solving, psychology, and
parts of philosophy. This book presents the essence of the author's
thinking about complexity, accumulated over the past forty years.
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Design Methods and Applications for Distributed Embedded Systems - IFIP 18th World Computer Congress, TC10 Working Conference on Distributed and Parallel, Embedded Systems (DIPES 2004), 22-27 August, 2004 Toulouse, France (Paperback, Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004)
Bernd Kleinjohann, Guang R. Gao, Hermann Kopetz, Lisa Kleinjohann, Achim Rettberg
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R1,571
Discovery Miles 15 710
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Ships in 10 - 15 working days
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The ever decreasing price/performance ratio of microcontrollers
makes it economically attractive to replace more and more
conventional mechanical or electronic control systems within many
products by embedded real-time computer systems. An embedded
real-time computer system is always part of a well-specified larger
system, which we call an intelligent product. Although most
intelligent products start out as stand-alone units, many of them
are required to interact with other systems at a later stage. At
present, many industries are in the middle of this transition from
stand-alone products to networked embedded systems. This transition
requires reflection and architecting: the complexity of the
evolving distributed artifact can only be controlled if careful
planning and principled design methods replace the ad-hoc
engineering of the first version of many standalone embedded
products.Design Methods and Applications for Distributed Embedded
Systems documents recent approaches and results presented at the
IFIP TC10 Working Conference on Distributed and Parallel Embedded
Systems (DIPES 2004), which was held in August 2004 as a co-located
conference of the 18th IFIP World Computer Congress in Toulouse,
France, and sponsored by the International Federation for
Information Processing (IFIP). The topics which have been chosen
for this working conference are very timely: model-based design
methods, design space exploration, design methodologies and user
interfaces, networks and communication, scheduling and resource
management, fault detection and fault tolerance, and verification
and analysis. These topics are supplemented by several hardware and
application oriented papers.
For the second time the International Workshop on Responsive Com
puter Systems has brought together a group of international experts
from the fields of real-time computing, distributed computing, and
fault tolerant systems. The two day workshop met at the splendid
facilities at the KDD Research and Development Laboratories at
Kamifukuoka, Saitama, in Japan on October 1 and 2, 1992. The
program included a keynote address, a panel discussion and, in
addition to the opening and closing session, six sessions of
submitted presentations. The keynote address "The Concepts and
Technologies of Depend able and Real-time Computer Systems for
Shinkansen Train Control" covered the architecture of the computer
control system behind a very responsive, i. e., timely and
reliable, transport system-the Shinkansen Train. It has been
fascinating to listen to the operational experience with a large
fault-tolerant computer application. "What are the Key Paradigms in
the Integration of Timeliness and Reliability?" was the topic of
the lively panel discussion. Once again the pro's and con's of the
time-triggered versus the event-triggered paradigm in the design of
a real-time systems were discussed. The eighteen submitted
presentations covered diverse topics about important issues in the
design of responsive systems and a session on progress reports
about leading edge research projects. Lively discussions
characterized both days of the meeting. This volume contains the
revised presentations that incorporate some of the discussions that
occurred during the meeting."
The first ESPRIT Basic Research Project on Predictably Dependable
Computing Systems (No. 3092, PDCS) commenced in May 1989, and ran
until March 1992. The institutions and principal investigators that
were involved in PDCS were: City University, London, UK (Bev
Littlewood), lEI del CNR, Pisa, Italy (Lorenzo Strigini),
Universitiit Karlsruhe, Germany (Tom Beth), LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse,
France (Jean-Claude Laprie), University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
(Brian Randell), LRI-CNRS/Universite Paris-Sud, France
(Marie-Claude Gaudel), Technische Universitiit Wien, Austria
(Hermann Kopetz), and University of York, UK (John McDermid). The
work continued after March 1992, and a three-year successor project
(No. 6362, PDCS2) officially started in August 1992, with a
slightly changed membership: Chalmers University of Technology,
Goteborg, Sweden (Erland Jonsson), City University, London, UK (Bev
Littlewood), CNR, Pisa, Italy (Lorenzo Strigini), LAAS-CNRS,
Toulouse, France (Jean-Claude Laprie), Universite Catholique de
Louvain, Belgium (Pierre-Jacques Courtois), University of Newcastle
upon Tyne, UK (Brian Randell), LRI-CNRS/Universite Paris-Sud,
France (Marie-Claude Gaudel), Technische Universitiit Wien, Austria
(Hermann Kopetz), and University of York, UK (John McDermid). The
summary objective of both projects has been "to contribute to
making the process of designing and constructing dependable
computing systems much more predictable and cost-effective." In the
case of PDCS2, the concentration has been on the problems of
producing dependable distributed real-time systems and especially
those where the dependability requirements centre on issues of
safety and/or security.
"This book is a comprehensive text for the design of safety
critical, hard real-time embedded systems. It offers a splendid
example for the balanced, integrated treatment of systems and
software engineering, helping readers tackle the hardest problems
of advanced real-time system design, such as determinism,
compositionality, timing and fault management. This book is an
essential reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students
in a wide range of disciplines impacted by embedded computing and
software. Its conceptual clarity, the style of explanations and the
examples make the abstract concepts accessible for a wide
audience." Janos Sztipanovits, Director E. Bronson Ingram
Distinguished Professor of Engineering Institute for Software
Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University Real-Time Systems focuses
on hard real-time systems, which are computing systems that must
meet their temporal specification in all anticipated load and fault
scenarios. The book stresses the system aspects of distributed
real-time applications, treating the issues of real-time,
distribution and fault-tolerance from an integral point of view. A
unique cross-fertilization of ideas and concepts between the
academic and industrial worlds has led to the inclusion of many
insightful examples from industry to explain the fundamental
scientific concepts in a real-world setting. Compared to the Second
Edition, new developments in communication standards for
time-sensitive networks, such as TSN and Time-Triggered Ethernet
are addressed. Furthermore, this edition includes a new chapter on
real-time aspects in cloud and fog computing. The book is written
as a standard textbook for a high-level undergraduate or graduate
course on real-time embedded systems or cyber-physical systems. Its
practical approach to solving real-time problems, along with
numerous summary exercises, makes it an excellent choice for
researchers and practitioners alike.
This SpringerBrief presents the data- information-and-time (DIT)
model that precisely clarifies the semantics behind the terms data,
information and their relations to the passage of real time.
According to the DIT model a data item is a symbol that appears as
a pattern (e.g., visual, sound, gesture, or any bit pattern) in
physical space. It is generated by a human or a machine in the
current contextual situation and is linked to a concept in the
human mind or a set of operations of a machine. An information item
delivers the sense or the idea that a human mind extracts out of a
given natural language proposition that contains meaningful data
items. Since the given tangible, intangible and temporal context
are part of the explanation of a data item, a change of context can
have an effect on the meaning of data and the sense of a
proposition. The DIT model provides a framework to show how the
flow of time can change the truth-value of a proposition. This book
compares our notions of data, information, and time in differing
contexts: in human communication, in the operation of a computer
system and in a biological system. In the final Section a few
simple examples demonstrate how the lessons learned from the
DIT-model can help to improve the design of a computer system.
This book investigates the characteristics of simple versus complex
systems, and what the properties of a cyber-physical system design
are that contribute to an effective implementation and make the
system understandable, simple to use, and easy to maintain. The
targeted audience is engineers, managers and advanced students who
are involved in the design of cyber-physical systems and are
willing to spend some time outside the silo of their daily work in
order to widen their background and appreciation for the pervasive
problems of system complexity. In the past, design of a
process-control system (now called cyber-physical systems) was more
of an art than an engineering endeavor. The software technology of
that time was concerned primarily with functional correctness and
did not pay much attention to the temporal dimension of program
execution, which is as important as functional correctness when a
physical process must be controlled. In the ensuing years, many
problems in the design of cyber-physical systems were simplified.
But with an increase in the functional requirements and system
size, the complexity problems have appeared again in a different
disguise. A sound understanding of the complexity problem requires
some insight in cognition, human problem solving, psychology, and
parts of philosophy. This book presents the essence of the author's
thinking about complexity, accumulated over the past forty years.
This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. Technical
Systems-of-Systems (SoS) - in the form of networked, independent
constituent computing systems temporarily collaborating to achieve
a well-defined objective - form the backbone of most of today's
infrastructure. The energy grid, most transportation systems, the
global banking industry, the water-supply system, the military
equipment, many embedded systems, and a great number more, strongly
depend on systems-of-systems. The correct operation and continuous
availability of these underlying systems-of-systems are fundamental
for the functioning of our modern society. The 8 papers presented
in this book document the main insights on Cyber-Physical System of
Systems (CPSoSs) that were gained during the work in the FP7-610535
European Research Project AMADEOS (acronym for Architecture for
Multi-criticality Agile Dependable Evolutionary Open
System-of-Systems). It is the objective of this book to present, in
a single consistent body, the foundational concepts and their
relationships. These form a conceptual basis for the description
and understanding of SoSs and go deeper in what we consider the
characterizing and distinguishing elements of SoSs: time,
emergence, evolution and dynamicity.
"This book is a comprehensive text for the design of safety
critical, hard real-time embedded systems. It offers a splendid
example for the balanced, integrated treatment of systems and
software engineering, helping readers tackle the hardest problems
of advanced real-time system design, such as determinism,
compositionality, timing and fault management. This book is an
essential reading for advanced undergraduates and graduate students
in a wide range of disciplines impacted by embedded computing and
software. Its conceptual clarity, the style of explanations and the
examples make the abstract conceptsaccessible for a wide
audience."
Janos Sztipanovits, Director
E. Bronson Ingram Distinguished Professor of Engineering
Institute for Software Integrated Systems
Vanderbilt University
"Real-Time Systems" focuses on hard real-time systems, which are
computing systems that must meet their temporal specification in
all anticipated load and fault scenarios. The book stresses the
system aspects of distributed real-time applications, treating the
issues of real-time, distribution and fault-tolerance from an
integral point of view. A unique cross-fertilization of ideas and
concepts between the academic and industrial worlds has led to the
inclusion of many insightful examples from industry to explain the
fundamental scientific concepts in a real-world setting. Compared
to the first edition, new developments incomplexity management,
energy and power management, dependability, security, andthe
internet of things, are addressed.
The book is written as a standard textbook for a high-level
undergraduate or graduate course on real-time embedded systems or
cyber-physical systems. Its practical approach to solving real-time
problems, along with numerous summary exercises, makes it an
excellent choice for researchers and practitioners alike."
This book gives an overview of the cross-domain component-based
architecture GENESYS that is a candidate for the ARTEMIS European
Reference Architecture for embedded systems. Such a cross-domain
approach is needed to support the coming Internet of Things, to
take full advantage of the economies of scale and to improve
productivity. GENESYS supports complexity management through the
straightforward composition of systems out of components. As the
foundation for robustness, GENESYS supports fault isolation, the
selective restart of components after transient faults, and active
redundancy. Security is addressed at all levels of the
architecture. Energy efficiency is enabled through integrated
resource management that permits to individually reduce the
power-requirements of components. GENESYS is a platform
architecture with a minimal set of core services and a plurality of
optional services that are predominantly implemented as
self-contained system components. Choosing a suitable set of these
system components that implement optional services, augmented by
application specific components, can generate domain-specific
instantiations of the architecture.
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