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Corpora non agunt nisi fixata. This old saying of Ehrlich's
describing the physi- ological role of receptors and their ligands
might be paraphrased into Corpora non ambulant nisi fixata when
considering lipid transport between and within cells. Volume 16 of
Subcellular Biochemistry is intended to bring the reader up to date
with this young field. Indeed, lipid transfer proteins have only
recently become the subject of a more systematic study. In this
book the current status and the emerging trends are discussed.
Chapters cover protein-mediated transfer of fatty acids,
phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids, dolichol,
retinoids, and cholesterol in animal, plant, yeast, and other
eukaryotic cells. Details are included of the study of lipid
transport proteins by means of fluorescent phos- pholipid analogues
and of the lipid transfer proteins as probes of membrane structure
and function, as well as spontaneous lipid transfer as it occurs
between biological membranes. Some of the chapters should be read
in conjunction with Volume 13 of this series, devoted to
fluorescence studies on biological mem- branes, in particular
Chapter 2 (Somerharju et al. ) concentrating on studies in which
fluorescent phospholipid analogues have been used. Chapter 10
(Bill- heimer and Reinhart), dealing with cholesterol trafficking,
should be compared with Chapter 12 of Volume 13 (Van Blitterswijk),
pointing to the existence of a preferential association of
cholesterol with sphingomyelin, which drags choles- terol to the
plasma membrane. In one chapter (Chapter 8: Van Dessel et al.
In mammalian cells many physiological processes rely on the
dynamics of the organization of lipids and proteins in biological
membranes. The topics in this volume deal with physicochemical
methods in the study of biomembranes. Some of them have a long and
respectable history in the study of soluble proteins and have only
recently been applied to the study of membranes. Some have tradi
tionally been applied to studies of model systems of lipids of
well-defined com position, as well as to intact membranes. Other
methods, by their very nature, apply to organized bilayers
comprised of both protein and lipid. Van Meer and van Genderen
provide us with an introduction to the field (Chapter I). From
their personal perspective regarding the distribution, trans port,
and sorting of membrane lipids, they formulate a number of
biologically relevant questions and show that the physicochemical
methods described in this book may contribute in great measure to
solving these issues. The methods of analytical ultracentrifugation
have served faithfully for 60 years in the study of water-soluble
proteins. The use of detergent extraction of membrane proteins, and
the manipulation of density with H20/D20 mixtures, has extended
this technique to the study of proteins, and in particular their
interactions, from biological membranes. As described by Morris and
Ralston in Chapter 2, this technique can be used to determine a
number of important properties of proteins.
As stated by its first editor, Dr. D. B. Roodyn, the primary goal
of the series Subcellular Biochemistry is to achieve an integrated
view of the cell by bringing together results from a wide range of
different techniques and disciplines. This volume deals with the
applications of fluorescence spectroscopy to membrane research. It
seeks to present complementary biochemical and bio physical data on
both the structure and the dynamics of biological membranes.
Biophysics and biochemistry are improving more and more in their
ability to study biomembranes, overlapping somewhat in this area
and explaining the functioning of the whole cell in terms of the
properties of its individual com ponents. Therefore, we have
brought together an international group of experts in order to
report on and review advances in fluorescence studies on biological
membranes, thereby highlighting subcellular aspects. The first
chapters present a critical evaluation of the current applications
of dynamic and steady-state fluorescence techniques. Subsequent
chapters dis cuss more specific applications in cells, biological
membranes, and their con stituents (lipids, proteins)."
Membrane fusion and targeting processes are tightly regulated and
coordinated. Dozens of proteins, originating from both the
cytoplasm and membranes are involved. The discovery of homologous
proteins from yeast to neurons validates a unified view. Although
much is known about the interfering proteins, the events occurring
when two lipid bilayers actually fuse are less clear. It should be
remembered that lipid bilayers behave like soap-bubbles fusing when
meeting each other. In this respect interfering proteins should be
considered as preventing undesirable and unnecessary fusion and
eventually directing the biological membrane fusion process (when,
where, how, and overcoming the activation energy). In this latest
volume in the renowned Subcellular Biochemistry series, some
aspects of fusion of biological membranes as well as related
problems are presented. Although not complete, there is a lot of
recent information including on virus-induced membrane fusion. The
contributors of the chapters are all among the researchers who
performed many of the pioneering studies in the field.
Membrane fusion and targeting processes are tightly regulated and
coordinated. Dozens of proteins, originating from both the
cytoplasm and membranes are involved. The discovery of homologous
proteins from yeast to neurons validates a unified view. Although
much is known about the interfering proteins, the events occurring
when two lipid bilayers actually fuse are less clear. It should be
remembered that lipid bilayers behave like soap-bubbles fusing when
meeting each other. In this respect interfering proteins should be
considered as preventing undesirable and unnecessary fusion and
eventually directing the biological membrane fusion process (when,
where, how, and overcoming the activation energy). In this latest
volume in the renowned Subcellular Biochemistry series, some
aspects of fusion of biological membranes as well as related
problems are presented. Although not complete, there is a lot of
recent information including on virus-induced membrane fusion. The
contributors of the chapters are all among the researchers who
performed many of the pioneering studies in the field.
Corpora non agunt nisi fixata. This old saying of Ehrlich's
describing the physi- ological role of receptors and their ligands
might be paraphrased into Corpora non ambulant nisi fixata when
considering lipid transport between and within cells. Volume 16 of
Subcellular Biochemistry is intended to bring the reader up to date
with this young field. Indeed, lipid transfer proteins have only
recently become the subject of a more systematic study. In this
book the current status and the emerging trends are discussed.
Chapters cover protein-mediated transfer of fatty acids,
phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipids, dolichol,
retinoids, and cholesterol in animal, plant, yeast, and other
eukaryotic cells. Details are included of the study of lipid
transport proteins by means of fluorescent phos- pholipid analogues
and of the lipid transfer proteins as probes of membrane structure
and function, as well as spontaneous lipid transfer as it occurs
between biological membranes. Some of the chapters should be read
in conjunction with Volume 13 of this series, devoted to
fluorescence studies on biological mem- branes, in particular
Chapter 2 (Somerharju et al. ) concentrating on studies in which
fluorescent phospholipid analogues have been used. Chapter 10
(Bill- heimer and Reinhart), dealing with cholesterol trafficking,
should be compared with Chapter 12 of Volume 13 (Van Blitterswijk),
pointing to the existence of a preferential association of
cholesterol with sphingomyelin, which drags choles- terol to the
plasma membrane. In one chapter (Chapter 8: Van Dessel et al.
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