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The primacy of the bishop of Rome, the pope, as it was finally
shaped in the Middle Ages and later defined by Vatican I and II has
been one of the thorniest issues in the history of the Western and
Eastern Churches. This issue was a primary cause of the division
between the two Churches and the events that followed the schism of
1054: the sack of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204, the
appointment by Pope Innocent III of a Latin patriarch of
Constantinople, and the establishment of Uniatism as a method and
model of union. Always a topic in ecumenical dialogue, the issue of
primacy has appeared to be an insurmountable obstacle to the
realization of full unity between Roman Catholicism and the
Orthodox Christianity. In this timely and comprehensive work,
Maximos Vgenopoulos analyzes the response of major Orthodox
thinkers to the Catholic understanding of the primary of the pope
over the last two centuries, showing the strengths and weaknesses
of these positions. Covering a broad range of primary and secondary
sources and thinkers, Vgenopoulos approaches the issue of primacy
with an open and ecumenical manner that looks forward to a way of
resolving this most divisive issue between the two Churches. For
the first time here the thought of Greek and Russian Orthodox
theologians regarding primacy is brought together systematically
and compared to demonstrate the emergence of a coherent view of
primacy in accordance with the canonical principles of the Orthodox
Church. In looking at crucial Greek-language sources Vgenopoulos
makes a unique contribution by providing an account of the debate
on primacy within the Greek Orthodox Church. Primacy in the Church
from Vatican I to Vatican II is an invaluable resource on the
official dialogue taking place between the Orthodox Church and the
Roman Catholic Church today. This important book will be of broad
interest to historians, theologians, seminarians, and all those
interested in Orthodox-Catholic relations.
Never before published, the theological thesis of St. Raphael
Hawaweeny (1860-1915) is a fascinating work that shows the
intersection of Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern
Orthodoxy in the late nineteenth century. Canonized by the Orthodox
Church in 2000, St. Raphael was the first Orthodox bishop
consecrated in the western hemisphere. His thesis reflects the life
of the Orthodox community under Ottoman rule and is an apologia for
Orthodox tradition, acting as a response to arguments advanced by
Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries in the Middle East.
Patrick Viscuso's introduction explains the complex historical and
theological forces at work in St. Raphael's world. Since the
sixteenth century, the Roman Catholic Church had launched major
proselytization efforts toward Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman
Empire, with the support of the great Western powers. In the late
nineteenth century, the United States dominated Protestant efforts
in the region. The powerful language in St. Raphael's thesis and
his refutation of Roman Catholic and Protestant positions reflect
an active dialogue with Western Christianity. The thesis, dated May
1, 1886 was written as part of the requirements for graduation from
the Theological School of the Great Church of Christ, an
institution of the Ecumenical Patriarchate located on the island of
Halki in the Sea of Marmara, near present-day Istanbul. Patrick
Viscuso's translation is based on his transcription of the
handwritten Greek text. Viscuso provides this transcription, along
with translations of the 1874 Regulations of the Theological School
and a contemporary account of life at the school. This important
volume will appeal to historians of the Ottoman Empire and
Christianity, specialists interested in religious pluralism in
America, and general readers interested in religion and Christian
dialogue.
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