This book provides state-of-art statistical methodologies, practical considerations from regulators and sponsors, logistics, and real use cases for practitioners for the uptake of RWE/D. Randomized clinical trials have been the gold standard for the evaluation of efficacy and safety of medical products. However, the cost, duration, practicality, and limited generalizability have incentivized many to look for alternative ways to optimize drug development. This book provides a comprehensive list of topics together to include all aspects with the uptake of RWE/D, including, but not limited to, applications in regulatory and non-regulatory settings, causal inference methodologies, organization and infrastructure considerations, logistic challenges, and practical use cases.

This volume of Advances in Soft Computing and Lecture Notes in Computer th Science vols. 5551, 5552 and 5553, constitute the Proceedings of the 6 Inter- tional Symposium of Neural Networks (ISNN 2009) held in Wuhan, China during May 26-29, 2009. ISNN is a prestigious annual symposium on neural networks with past events held in Dalian (2004), Chongqing (2005), Chengdu (2006), N- jing (2007) and Beijing (2008). Over the past few years, ISNN has matured into a well-established series of international conference on neural networks and their applications to other fields. Following this tradition, ISNN 2009 provided an a- demic forum for the participants to disseminate their new research findings and discuss emerging areas of research. Also, it created a stimulating environment for the participants to interact and exchange information on future research challenges and opportunities of neural networks and their applications. ISNN 2009 received 1,235 submissions from about 2,459 authors in 29 co- tries and regions (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Finland, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Jordan, Macao, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Vietnam, and Yemen) across six continents (Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Oceania). Based on rigorous reviews by the Program Committee members and reviewers, 95 high-quality papers were selected to be published in this volume.

This book is written in the learner's point of view, with the purpose of helping the readers understand the principle of flow. The first feature of the book is that the theory is explained using ordinary and accessible language, where fluid mechanics is presented in analogy with solid mechanics to emphasize that they are all the application of Newtonian mechanics and thermodynamics. The second feature is that all the informative and intriguing illustration are drawn by the author himself, which unites science and art and makes the figures compliment the text and provide clearer understanding with visuals. Another unique feature is that one of the chapters is wholly dedicated to providing 25 selected interesting and controversial flow examples with the purpose of linking theory with practice. Beneficial to both the beginners in this field and experts in other fields and ideal for college students, graduate students, engineers, and technicians.

This book is written in the learner's point of view, with the purpose of helping the readers understand the principle of flow. The first feature of the book is that the theory is explained using ordinary and accessible language, where fluid mechanics is presented in analogy with solid mechanics to emphasize that they are all the application of Newtonian mechanics and thermodynamics. The second feature is that all the informative and intriguing illustration are drawn by the author himself, which unites science and art and makes the figures compliment the text and provide clearer understanding with visuals. Another unique feature is that one of the chapters is wholly dedicated to providing 25 selected interesting and controversial flow examples with the purpose of linking theory with practice. Beneficial to both the beginners in this field and experts in other fields and ideal for college students, graduate students, engineers, and technicians.