|
Showing 1 - 9 of
9 matches in All Departments
As estimates for the amount of U.S. natural gas resources have
grown, so have the prospects of rising U.S. natural gas exports.
The United States is expected to go from a net importer of natural
gas to a net exporter by 2020. Projects to export liquefied natural
gas (LNG) by tanker ship have been proposed-cumulatively accounting
for about 12.5% of current U.S. natural gas production-and are at
varying stages of regulatory approval. Projects require federal
approval under Section 3 of the Natural Gas Act (15 U.S.C. 717b),
with the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy and
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission being the lead authorizing
agencies. Pipeline exports, which accounted for 94% of all exports
of U.S. produced natural gas in 2010, are also likely to rise. What
effect exporting natural gas will have on U.S. prices is the
central question in the debate over whether to export. A
significant rise in U.S. natural gas exports would likely put
upwards pressure on domestic prices, but the magnitude of any rise
is currently unclear. There are numerous factors that will affect
prices: export volumes, economic growth, differences in local
markets, and government regulations, among others. With today's
natural gas prices relatively low compared to global prices and
historically low for the United States, producers are looking for
new markets for their natural gas. Producers contend that increased
exports will not raise prices significantly as there is ample
supply to meet domestic demand, and there will be the added
benefits of increased revenues, trade, and jobs, and less flaring.
Consumers of natural gas, who are being helped by the low prices,
fear prices will rise if natural gas is exported. Electric power
generation represents potentially the greatest increase in natural
gas consumption in the U.S. economy, primarily for environmental
reasons. Natural gas emits much less carbon dioxide and other
pollutants than coal when combusted. Other types of consumption are
not likely to increase natural gas demand domestically for a long
time. Use in the transportation sector to displace oil is likely to
be small because expensive new infrastructure and technologies
would be required. There is discussion of a possible revival of the
U.S. petrochemicals sector, but the potential extent of a change is
unclear. Getting natural gas to markets where it can be consumed,
whether domestically or internationally, may be the industry's
biggest challenge. Infrastructure constraints, environmental
regulations, and other factors will influence how the market
adjusts to balance supply and demand. Environmental groups are
split regarding natural gas use, with some favoring increased use
to curb emissions of certain pollutants, while others oppose
expanded use of natural gas because it is not as clean as renewable
forms of energy, such as wind or solar. The use of hydraulic
fracturing to produce shale gas has also raised concerns among
environmental groups particularly concerned with its possible
impacts on water quality. The possibility of a significant increase
in U.S. natural gas exports will factor into ongoing debates on the
economy, energy independence, climate change, and energy security.
As the proposed projects continue to develop, policymakers are
likely to receive more inquiries about these projects. Proposals to
expedite and expand LNG exports have already been raised in the
113th Congress, including in S. 192 and H.R. 580. Two other bills,
H.R. 1189 and H.R. 1191, would reform the DOE's process for
determining the public interest regarding LNG exports and prohibit
exports of natural gas produced on federal lands.
At the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) in November
2011, the leaders of the United States, Australia, Brunei, Chile,
Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam announced the
broad outlines of a Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement,
which the parties hope to complete in 2012. If enacted the TPP
would eliminate 11,000 tariff lines among the parties and, with 26
chapters under negotiation, potentially it could serve as a
template for future trade pact among the APEC states. At the same
venue the leaders of Japan, Canada, and Mexico announced that they
would seek consultations with partner countries with a view towards
joining the negotiations. Nine rounds of negotiations have occurred
since the beginning of 2010.
Talks on Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA) in the World Trade
Organization's (WTO) Doha Round refer to the cutting of tariff and
non-tariff barriers (NTB) on industrial and primary products,
basically all trade in goods which are not foodstuffs. The Doha
Round was suspended for an indefinite period of time in July 2006
due to differences in the agriculture negotiations. While the
agriculture negotiations have received greater scrutiny in the Doha
round, trade of industrial and primary products, the subject of the
NAMA negotiations, continue to make up the bulk of world trade.
Average tariffs in developed countries have declined from 40% at
the end of World War II to 6% today through successive rounds of
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/WTO trade
negotiations. Developed countries seek the reduction of continuing
high tariffs in the developing world, particularly from such
countries as Brazil, India, and China. Developing countries seek
special and differential treatment and tie their cuts in industrial
tariffs to reductions in agricultural tariffs and subsidies.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed regional free
trade agreement (FTA) being negotiated among the United States,
Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand,
Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam. U.S. negotiators and others describe
and envision the TPP as a "comprehensive and high-standard" FTA,
presumably because they hope it will liberalize trade in nearly all
goods and services and include commitments beyond those currently
established in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The broad
outline of an agreement was announced on the sidelines of the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) ministerial in November
2011 in Honolulu, HI. If implemented, the TPP potentially could
eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and investment
among the parties and could serve as a template for a future trade
pact among APEC members and potentially other countries. Congress
has a direct interest in the negotiations, both through influencing
U.S. negotiating positions with the executive branch, and by
passing legislation to implement any resulting agreement. The next
round of negotiations will take place in Auckland, New Zealand,
between December 3 and 11, 2012. In Hawaii, the leaders of Canada,
Japan, and Mexico also announced that they would seek consultations
with partner countries with a view towards joining the
negotiations. Canada and Mexico subsequently were welcomed to join
the negotiations in June 2012 and became formal members in October
2012. Japan and the TPP partners are conducting bilateral
consultations on its possible entrance as well. In addition,
Thailand formally expressed its interest in joining the
negotiations during President Obama's trip to the country in
November 2012.
In debates on export administration legislation, parties often fall
into two camps: those who primarily want to liberalise controls in
order to promote exports, and those who are apprehensive that
liberalisation may compromise national security goals. While it is
widely agreed that exports of some goods and technologies can
adversely affect US national security and foreign policy, many
believe that current export controls are detrimental to US
business, that the resultant loss of competitiveness, market share,
and jobs can harm the US economy, and that the harm to particular
US industries and to the economy itself can negatively impact US
security. Controversies arise with regard to the cost to the US
economy, the licensing system, foreign availability of controlled
items, and unilateral controls as opposed to multilateral regimes.
In the last few years, congressional attention has focused on
high-performance computers, encryption, stealth technology,
precision machine tools, satellites, and aerospace technology.
Congress has several options in addressing export administration
policy, ranging from approving no new legislation to rewriting the
entire Export Administration Act. This book examines some of the
controversies and debates raised by these opposing options.
Canada-United States relations covers more than two centuries,
marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the
early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the
most successful international relationships in the modern world.
The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812,
which saw both sides try to invade the other, and both failed,
leaving the status quo. Friendship was solidified in the 20th
century with the shared experience of the world wars and a close
alliance during the Cold War. Canada and the United States are
currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's
longest border, and have significant interoperability within the
defense sphere. Modern difficulties have included repeated trade
disputes (despite a continental trade agreement), environmental
concerns, and debates over immigration and the movement of people
across the shared border. While the foreign policies of the
neighbors have been largely aligned for much of the post-war era,
significant disputes have arisen, including over the Vietnam War,
the status of Cuba, the Iraq War and the War on Terror. At this
time, the Canadian dollar has gained considerably versus the U.S.
dollar with as yet unknown consequences.
This book provides background on intellectual property rights (IPR)
and discusses the role of U.S. international trade policy in
enhancing IPR protection and enforcement abroad. IPR are legal
rights granted by governments to encourage innovation and creative
output by ensuring that creators reap the benefits of their
inventions or works and they may take the form of patents, trade
secrets, copyrights, trademarks, or geographical indications. U.S.
industries that rely on IPR contribute significantly to U.S.
economic growth, employment, and trade with other countries.
Counterfeiting and piracy in other countries may result in the loss
of billions of dollars of revenue for U.S. firms as well as the
loss of jobs. Responsibility for developing IPR policy, engaging in
IPR-related international negotiations, and enforcing IPR laws cuts
across several different U.S. Government agencies. The main
structures for co-ordinating interagency efforts are the National
Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Co-ordinating Council
(NIPLECC) and the Strategy Targeting Organised Piracy (STOP!).
|
You may like...
Hampstead
Diane Keaton, Brendan Gleeson, …
DVD
R66
Discovery Miles 660
|