Birth control is the use of any practices, methods or devices to prevent pregnancy from occurring in sexually active women, also referred to as family planning, pregnancy prevention, fertility control or contraception. Birth control methods are designed either to prevent fertilization of an egg or implantation of fertilized egg in the uterus.The two forms of oral contraceptive used by Sudanese women are estrogen/progestin combination pills or progestin only pills. The hormones in the combination pills act to block the ovulation by mimicking the body own hormonal balance during pregnancy. A previous study reported that oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) increase total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure.

Oral cancer is a subtype of head and neck cancer, is any cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity.It may arise as a primary lesion originating in any of the oral tissues, by metastasis from a distant site of origin, or by extension from a neighboring anatomic structure, such as the nasal cavity or the oral cancers may originate in any of the tissues of the mouth.There are several types of oral cancers, but around 90% are squamous cell carcinomas, originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips. Oral or mouth cancer most commonly involves the tongue. It may also occur on the floor of the mouth, cheek lining, gingiva (gums), lips, or palate (roof of the mouth).

Chronic renal failure is a clinical syndrome that occurs when there is gradual decline in renal operation overtime.Smoking is one of the most important remediable renal risk factors. It has a negative impact on renal function even in subjects without apparent renal disease, but the adverse renal effects of smoking are particularly marked in patients with different types of kidney disease. The literature available indicates that patients with renal failure are a high risk group particularly, susceptible to smoking- induced renal damage. The renal failure is one of the most common problems in Sudan among both males and females. It is fatal disease so that this study runs to find out the negative impacts of tobacco use on renal function, by study the effect of this bad habit in patients with chronic renal failure.

The alcoholic drink used for this study is Aragi which is a traditional Sudanese liquor prepared from dates fermented by yeast for some days. The yeast converts the sugar found in dates into alcohol. The end products of this Aragi making process is alcohol (ethyl alcohol), water and flavorings. Excessive alcohol intake leads to many adverse effects on general health which may lead to lack of awareness or to death. It also affects the economical and psychological status greatly. Research in this field is sparse and scanty, although Aragi intake is widely spreading in Sudan. This study (which handles the health effects of alcoholism in terms of liver damage manifested by enzymatic and histological changes due to excessive alcohol intake) runs to fill this gap

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display the traits of uncontrolled growth (growth and division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not