This book presents a history of the ideas and activities of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in the field of citizenship education in public schools. Examining APSA's evolving objectives and strategies in implementing citizenship education, Ahmad analyzes the complicated relationship between the teaching of government in the public schools and the APSA's changing visions of citizenship education. By offering a narrative of political scientists' ideas on citizenship and citizenship education, Ahmad reveals the impact of APSA's worldview and official policies concerning pre-collegiate curriculum and instruction in citizenship education. By providing a comprehensive history of ASPA's agenda and its implementation, this book sheds light on the intersection between the pedagogical goals of political scientists and the meaning, purpose, and context for citizenship education in high schools.

This book presents a history of the ideas and activities of the American Political Science Association (APSA) in the field of citizenship education in public schools. Examining APSA's evolving objectives and strategies in implementing citizenship education, Ahmad analyzes the complicated relationship between the teaching of government in the public schools and the APSA's changing visions of citizenship education. By offering a narrative of political scientists' ideas on citizenship and citizenship education, Ahmad reveals the impact of APSA's worldview and official policies concerning pre-collegiate curriculum and instruction in citizenship education. By providing a comprehensive history of ASPA's agenda and its implementation, this book sheds light on the intersection between the pedagogical goals of political scientists and the meaning, purpose, and context for citizenship education in high schools.

Wild Miseries is a short story about animals when they were given brains, they destroyed the Jungle including themselves. The beauty of the Jungle is the innocence of the animals. Human brain given to the animals results in evil intelligence

Physics Handy Notes is an easy and quick access to multiple topics of physics through short definitions and multiple choice questions.

In this study we present a steady three dimensional MHD flow and heat trasfer charecteristic of a viscous fluid due to bidirectional stretching sheet in a porous medium. The heat transfer analysis is carried out for two heating process namely prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed heat flux (PHF). The similarity solution of the governing boundary layer partial differential equations is developed by employing homotopy analysis method(HAM)

Although the peristaltic flow has been a topic of scientific research during the past few decades, but in recent years it has received much attention due to its application in engineering and physiology. Peristalsis has its own importance in much biological systems, in spite of the several applications of non-Newtonian fluids in polymer, processing industries, bio fluid dynamics, petroleum, drilling and many other similar activities. Many theoretical investigations has been carried out by assuming that blood and other physiological fluids having like a Newtonian fluid of constant viscosity much attention has not been given to peristaltic action in non-Newtonian fluids.

Although the Newtonian fluids has been a topic of scientific research during many years. But the study of unsteady rotational fluids has received much attention due to its practical applications. The partial differential equations arising in the study of viscous rotating fluids offer many challenges not only to physicist and numerical analysts but also mathematicians alike. The main aim here is to develop the analytical series solution using homotopy analysis method. In this particular book we emphasized on a unsteady flow of viscous rotating fluid for linear stretching sheet.

This book covers the basic theme of Golf game and cover the whole practices regarding grass maintenance in golf courses. this book will completed with the help of Royal Palm Golf Course and Country Club, Lahore, Pakistan. Most of the pictures use in that book is taken in Royal Palm Golf Course & Country Club, Lahore. we are grateful to the person related to golf course maintenance especial thank to Karnal Jameel (R) and Sohail Ahmad Rana who gave us there kind help regarding the completion of that book.

I would like to thank Almighty Allah, the most beneficent and merciful, to give me the opportunity to complete my this work successfully. I wish to express my heartiest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Cong-Feng Qiao, Professor of the College of Physical Sciences, (GUCAS), for his invaluable advice and encouraging support. I wish to thank my Co-Supervisor and advisor Dr. Yun-Song Piao for the inspiration, support and guidance, for the infinite degrees of freedom, and for proving that success in science is not irreconcilable with having a life. He not only supervised me to materialize the work but also showed me the way to think in different dimensions and work steadily from the very beginning of a research. Special thanks to my friends and colleagues for their interest and support of my research work. Many thanks go to so many others for helping me get through the difficult times, and for all the emotional support they provided. Finally, the greatest thanks to my Parents, and my wife for her love and my both sons.

The research titled "Human Performance Technology to improve learning performance at Allama Iqbal Open University" is taken in the meaning that learning is already being carried out at certain levels at Allama Iqbal Open University. It can be improved under the umbrella of Human Performance Technology. "Human Performance Technology (HPT) is the systematic and systemic identification and removal of barriers to individual and organizational performance" (Chevalier, 2004). Human Performance Technology, a systematic and systemic interdisciplinary rich discipline, finds out opportunities, new situations and removes human performance barriers to individuals in the context of organizational structures. B.F. Skinners idea of small step instruction and intensive feed-back keeps this discipline up and evergreen. Flexible and continuing improvement techniques in accordance with performance improvement standards can be inducted into learning context to improve observable and measureable learning performance. It is a subject of professionals and is derived from theoretical as well as applied subjects including Human Resource Management, Cognitive Engineering, Information Technology, Ergonomics

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa forests are of great importance for the ecological health and socio economic development of the province. Nematodes are important as they can cause substantial damage to different forest trees. In the present study nematodes associated with willow, poplar, heaven tree and walnut are being reported. The information is useful for plant pathologists, students, teachers and research workers in this field of study.

Intrusions on computer network systems are major security issues these days. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to prevent such intrusions. The prevention of such intrusions is entirely dependent on their detection that is a main part of any security tool. A variety of intrusion detection approaches are available but the main problem is their performance, which can be enhanced by increasing the detection rates and reducing false positives. PCA has been employed to transform raw features into principal features space and select the features based on their sensitivity. This research applied a GA to search the principal feature space that offers a subset of features with optimal sensitivity. Based on the selected features, the classification is performed. The SVM and MLP are used for classification. This research work uses the KDD dataset. The performance of this approach was analyzed and compared with existing approaches. The results show that proposed method provides an optimal intrusion detection mechanism that outperforms the existing approaches and has the capability to minimize the number of features and maximize the detection rates.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the important legumes and a well-known economic crop in tropical and subtropical countries. It belongs to the family Leguminosae with diploid chromosome number 2n = 2x = 22. (Smart 1990).and is native to Indo-Burma (Myanmar) region of Asia. The primary gene center of diversity for mungbean was suggested to be the central Asian region (Vavilov, 1951) with India as the gene center and probable center of domestication (Smartt, 1985).So India is considered as its land of origin (Loh and Stacey, 2003). It has several synonyms like greengram, moong, goldengram, oregon pea, chickasono pea, chickasaw pea and chiroko It is short-stature, less than 1.25 m, depending on the variety and growing conditions (Watt et al. 1977). It is a pulse or food legume crop used primarily as dried seed and occasionally as forage or green pods and seeds for vegetables (Lawn 1995). On a dry-weight basis it contains 25 to 28% protein, 1.0 to 1.5% fats, 3.5 to 4.5% fiber, 4.5 to 5.5% ash and 60 to 65% carbohydrate (Lawn and Ahn, 1985).

Virulence presence for stripe rust is a lingering threat to national wheat production that also extends across all geographical boundaries. The dynamics of this pathogen's character imposes a major stress that can jeopardize wheat crops productivity. Thus breeders continue their search for new genes or assemble gene combinations that can give a genetically durable varietal performance system. Search for new gene sources is spread across the three wheat gene pools and of these a focus on the primary gene pool holds priority. in the present study germplasm from various sources was screened for stripe rust resistance.

This hand book provides base-line informations on documentation of the inventory of medicinal, economic and aromatic plants for the socio-economic development, current status its trade, linkages in the market chain starting from collectors to consumers. Also suggestion for new avenues -harvesting, processing and trading of different forest resources in manners that can enhances sustainability and economic attractiveness of different medicinal and aromatic plants in northern Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa (Swat valley), Pakistan. The book will certainly helpful for the graduate, post-graduacte students, pharmacologist and researchers as useful guideline in their respective fields.

Ephedra nebrodensis, a source of ephedrine used in orthodox medicine to treat bronchial asthma, high fever and as a heart stimulant. Some species are over exploited while many others are under exploited. The present study area represents unique and enormous diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) within a relatively small geographic area due to variation in topography, altitude and climate. The MAP species have supported livelihood of many people in the area. They are being collected for export both to national and international markets. The high dependency of rural people on MAP for subsistence and unsustainable harvesting practices has resulted over exploitation of resources in different areas of the country. The study also revealed that the availability of important MAP species is decreasing and the number of rare and threatened species among the MAPs is increasing. Recommendations are, therefore, given in the spheres of training in identification, sustainable collection, value addition, trade monitoring and cooperative system of marketing.