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Since Garrett Hardin published 'The Tragedy of the Commons' in
1968, critics have argued that population growth and capitalism
contribute to overuse of natural resources and degradation of the
global environment. They propose coercive, state-centric solutions.
This book offers an alternative view. Employing insights from new
institutional economics, the authors argue that property rights,
competitive markets, polycentric political institutions, and social
institutions such as trust, patience and individualism enable
society to conserve natural resources and mitigate harms to the
global environment. The authors support their argument by
considering several types of commons: forests, fisheries, minerals,
and the global environment. The central lesson of these empirical
studies is that following a simple set of rules - definition and
enforcement of property rights in response to local conditions,
creating and maintaining democracy at the local level, and
establishing markets to allocate resources - improves ecological
and environmental sustainability. This book will appeal to scholars
of natural resources, economics, political science and public
policy as well as policymakers who are interested in environmental
governance and the ways markets contribute to sustainability.
Over the past two decades, "fracking" has led to a revolution in
shale gas production. For some, shale gas promised economic
opportunities, cheaper energy bills, and an alternative to coal.
For others, shale gas was fool's gold. Critics contend that the
shale boom has occurred in a regulatory Wild West, that the
response has been fractured and ineffective, or that the harmful
environmental and health consequences exceed the benefits from
shale gas production. The Political Economy of Fracking argues that
the criticism of the shale revolution has been misplaced. The
authors use insights from a diversity of perspectives in political
economy to understand why the shale boom occurred, who won in the
race for shale, and who was left behind. The book explains how
private property rights and entrepreneurs led to the shale boom. It
contends that polycentric governance, which encourages a diversity
of regulatory responses, is a virtue because it generates knowledge
about the most appropriate ways to regulate shale development.
Private property rights and political institutions that provide for
local self-governance also helped to ensure that the benefits of
shale gas production exceeded its costs. The authors make the case
for fracking shale gas using evidence from shale-producing
countries from around the world, comparing them to those that have
fallen behind in the shale race. They show that private property
rights and markets have been a source of innovation and dynamism
and that a diversity of regulatory responses is appropriate to
govern shale gas development. This book is insightful reading for
academics and professionals interested in the shale boom, the
fracking industry in general, and regulatory policy.
Over the past two decades, "fracking" has led to a revolution in
shale gas production. For some, shale gas promised economic
opportunities, cheaper energy bills, and an alternative to coal.
For others, shale gas was fool's gold. Critics contend that the
shale boom has occurred in a regulatory Wild West, that the
response has been fractured and ineffective, or that the harmful
environmental and health consequences exceed the benefits from
shale gas production. The Political Economy of Fracking argues that
the criticism of the shale revolution has been misplaced. The
authors use insights from a diversity of perspectives in political
economy to understand why the shale boom occurred, who won in the
race for shale, and who was left behind. The book explains how
private property rights and entrepreneurs led to the shale boom. It
contends that polycentric governance, which encourages a diversity
of regulatory responses, is a virtue because it generates knowledge
about the most appropriate ways to regulate shale development.
Private property rights and political institutions that provide for
local self-governance also helped to ensure that the benefits of
shale gas production exceeded its costs. The authors make the case
for fracking shale gas using evidence from shale-producing
countries from around the world, comparing them to those that have
fallen behind in the shale race. They show that private property
rights and markets have been a source of innovation and dynamism
and that a diversity of regulatory responses is appropriate to
govern shale gas development. This book is insightful reading for
academics and professionals interested in the shale boom, the
fracking industry in general, and regulatory policy.
When Fracking Comes to Town traces the response of local
communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast
communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and
their landmen, it shows that communities have adapted their local
rules and regulations to meet the novel challenges accompanying
unconventional gas extraction through fracking. The
multidisciplinary perspectives of this volume's essays tie together
insights from planners, legal scholars, political scientists, and
economists. What emerges is a more nuanced perspective of shale gas
development and its impacts on municipalities and residents. Unlike
many political debates that cast fracking in black-and-white terms,
this book's contributors embrace the complexity of local responses
to fracking. States adapted legal institutions to meet the new
challenges posed by this energy extraction process while
under-resourced municipal officials and local planning offices
found creative ways to alleviate pressure on local infrastructure
and reduce harmful effects of fracking on the environment. The
essays in When Fracking Comes to Town tell a story of community
resilience with the rise and decline of shale gas production.
Contributors: Ennio Piano, Ann M. Eisenberg, Pamela A. Mischen,
Joseph T. Palka, Jr., Adelyn Hall, Carla Chifos, Teresa Cordova,
Rebecca Matsco, Anna C. Osland, Carolyn G. Loh, Gavin Roberts,
Sandeep Kumar Rangaraju, Frederick Tannery, Larry McCarthy, Erik R.
Pages, Mark C. White, Martin Romitti, Nicholas G. McClure, Ion
Simonides, Jeremy G. Weber, Max Harleman, Heidi Gorovitz Robertson
Although today's richest countries tend to have long histories of
secure private property rights, legal-titling projects do little to
improve the economic and political well-being of those in the
developing world. This book employs a historical narrative based on
secondary literature, fieldwork across thirty villages, and a
nationally representative survey to explore how private property
institutions develop, how they are maintained, and their
relationship to the state and state-building within the context of
Afghanistan. In this predominantly rural society, citizens cannot
rely on the state to enforce their claims to ownership. Instead,
they rely on community-based land registration, which has a long
and stable history and is often more effective at protecting
private property rights than state registration. In addition to
contributing significantly to the literature on Afghanistan, this
book makes a valuable contribution to the literature on property
rights and state governance from the new institutional economics
perspective.
When Fracking Comes to Town traces the response of local
communities to the shale gas revolution. Rather than cast
communities as powerless to respond to oil and gas companies and
their landmen, it shows that communities have adapted their local
rules and regulations to meet the novel challenges accompanying
unconventional gas extraction through fracking. The
multidisciplinary perspectives of this volume's essays tie together
insights from planners, legal scholars, political scientists, and
economists. What emerges is a more nuanced perspective of shale gas
development and its impacts on municipalities and residents. Unlike
many political debates that cast fracking in black-and-white terms,
this book's contributors embrace the complexity of local responses
to fracking. States adapted legal institutions to meet the new
challenges posed by this energy extraction process while
under-resourced municipal officials and local planning offices
found creative ways to alleviate pressure on local infrastructure
and reduce harmful effects of fracking on the environment. The
essays in When Fracking Comes to Town tell a story of community
resilience with the rise and decline of shale gas production.
Contributors: Ennio Piano, Ann M. Eisenberg, Pamela A. Mischen,
Joseph T. Palka, Jr., Adelyn Hall, Carla Chifos, Teresa Cordova,
Rebecca Matsco, Anna C. Osland, Carolyn G. Loh, Gavin Roberts,
Sandeep Kumar Rangaraju, Frederick Tannery, Larry McCarthy, Erik R.
Pages, Mark C. White, Martin Romitti, Nicholas G. McClure, Ion
Simonides, Jeremy G. Weber, Max Harleman, Heidi Gorovitz Robertson
Property rights are the rules governing ownership in society. This
Element offers an analytical framework to understand the origins
and consequences of property rights. It conceptualizes of the
political economy of property rights as a concern with the follow
questions: What explains the origins of economic and legal property
rights? What are the consequences of different property rights
institutions for wealth creation, conservation, and political
order? Why do property institutions change? Why do legal reforms
relating to property rights such as land redistribution and legal
titling improve livelihoods in some contexts but not others? In
analyzing property rights, the authors emphasize the
complementarity of insights from a diversity of disciplinary
perspectives, including Austrian economics, public choice, and
institutional economics, including the Bloomington School of
institutional analysis and political economy.
This book offers an analytical explanation for the origins of and
change in property institutions on the American frontier during the
nineteenth century. Its scope is interdisciplinary, integrating
insights from political science, economics, law and history. This
book shows how claim clubs - informal governments established by
squatters in each of the major frontier sectors of agriculture,
mining, logging and ranching - substituted for the state as a
source of private property institutions and how they changed the
course of who received a legal title, and for what price,
throughout the nineteenth century. Unlike existing analytical
studies of the frontier that emphasize one or two sectors, this
book considers all major sectors, as well as the relationship
between informal and formal property institutions, while also
proposing a novel theory of emergence and change in property
institutions that provides a framework to interpret the complicated
history of land laws in the United States.
This book offers an analytical explanation for the origins of and
change in property institutions on the American frontier during the
nineteenth century. Its scope is interdisciplinary, integrating
insights from political science, economics, law and history. This
book shows how claim clubs - informal governments established by
squatters in each of the major frontier sectors of agriculture,
mining, logging and ranching - substituted for the state as a
source of private property institutions and how they changed the
course of who received a legal title, and for what price,
throughout the nineteenth century. Unlike existing analytical
studies of the frontier that emphasize one or two sectors, this
book considers all major sectors, as well as the relationship
between informal and formal property institutions, while also
proposing a novel theory of emergence and change in property
institutions that provides a framework to interpret the complicated
history of land laws in the United States.
Alienation between the U.S. military and society has grown in
recent decades. Such alienation is unhealthy, as it threatens both
sufficient civilian control of the military and the long-standing
ideal of the 'citizen soldier'. Nowhere is this issue more
predominant than at many major universities, which began turning
their backs on the military during the chaotic years of the Vietnam
War. Arms and the University probes various dimensions of this
alienation, as well as recent efforts to restore a closer
relationship between the military and the university. Through
theoretical and empirical analysis, Donald Alexander Downs and Ilia
Murtazashvili show how a military presence on campus in the form of
ROTC (including a case study of ROTC's return to Columbia and
Harvard universities), military history and national security
studies can enhance the civic and liberal education of non-military
students, and in the process help to bridge the civil-military gap.
Alienation between the U.S. military and society has grown in
recent decades. Such alienation is unhealthy, as it threatens both
sufficient civilian control of the military and the long-standing
ideal of the 'citizen soldier'. Nowhere is this issue more
predominant than at many major universities, which began turning
their backs on the military during the chaotic years of the Vietnam
War. Arms and the University probes various dimensions of this
alienation, as well as recent efforts to restore a closer
relationship between the military and the university. Through
theoretical and empirical analysis, Donald Alexander Downs and Ilia
Murtazashvili show how a military presence on campus in the form of
ROTC (including a case study of ROTC's return to Columbia and
Harvard universities), military history and national security
studies can enhance the civic and liberal education of non-military
students, and in the process help to bridge the civil-military gap.
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